Nickel-based reference electrodes

Figure 18.3 shows a diagram of an electrochemical fluorination plant. The central component of this plant, the electrolytic cell, is shown in Figure 18.4. This cell consists of a nickel box surrounded by a steel cooling jacket. The polythene base of the cell is fitted with a product drain port and its polythene head is fitted with a starting material inlet port and an exit port, which is connected to a nickel reflux condenser. Nickel stubs through the cell head allow sealed electrical connections to the electrode package, the conductivity cell, and an auxiliary reference electrode circuit. The electrode package consists of alternating nickel anodes and cathodes separated by polythene spacers. In a typical fluorination experiment, the preconditioned cell containing anhydrous hydrogen fluoride is...

Fig. 3.12 Responses and schematic diagrams of polymer-based amperometric sensors, (a) The Pd/PVA-H POy Pt-based sensor for various concentrations of in air (1) lead (2) Pd thin film (3) Pt (supported catalyst) (4) nickel grids (5) PVA-HjPO. (Reprinted with permission from Ramesh et al. (2003). Copyright 2003 Springer), (b) Nafion-based sensor (1) PTFE membrane (2) Pt/Ru mesh (embedded into the catalyst layer) (3) working electrode (Pt/C catalyst thin layer) (4) Nafion-117 membrane (5) coimter electrode (6) reference electrode (7) insulator. (Reprinted with permission from Lu et al. (2005). Copyright 2005 Elsevier)...

The terms supercapacitor and ultracapacitor are used to describe any double layer or redox capacitor with specific energy and specific power intermediate to batteries and traditional capacitors. Typically, ultracapacitor refers to a device comprised of two carbonaceous electrodes whereas supercapacitor refers to a similar device in which the two carbonaceous electrodes are catalyzed with metal oxides such as Ru02. This chapter will use the term supercapacitor to describe EAP-based capacitors, since that seems to be the most commonly used term for such materials. Another charge storage configuration uses an EAP electrode and a battery-type carbonaceous electrode in what is known as a hybrid device (however, outside of the EAP-based supercapacitor field, hybrid may refer to the combination of a battery electrode such as nickel hydroxide with a carbon electrode) [1]. 

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