Never-smokers

Foulds, J., Stapleton, J. A., Bell, N., Swettenham, J., Jarvis, M. J. and Russell, M. A. H. 1997. Mood and physiological effects of subcutaneous nicotine in smokers and never-smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 44 105-115. 

Pao W, Miller V, Zakowski M et al. EGF reeeptor gene mutations are eommon in lung eaneers from never smokers and are assoeiated with sensitivity of tumors to gefltinib and erlotinib. Proc Natl... 

Foulds, J. et al., Cognitive performance effects of subcutaneous nicotine in smokers and never-smokers, Psychophcirmcicology, 127, 31, 1996. 

Number (in millions) of adults 18 years and older who were current, former, or never smokers, overall and by sex, race, Hispanic origin, age, and education. 

Wakalee HA, Chang ET, Gomez SL, et al. Lung cancer incidence in never smokers. J Clin Oncol2007 25(5) 472 8. 

Chronic cough is not uncommon and its prevalence varies from 9 to 33% of the population, and there is an association with cigarette smoking (Cullinan 1992 Ford et al. 2006 Zemp et al. 1999), in that chronic smokers have a threefold increase in prevalence of chronic cough compared with never smokers and ex-smokers (Zemp et al. 1999). Other associations are reported too with asthma or respiratory... 

Radon level (pCi/L) Lifetime risk, never smoker, per 10,000 Lifetime risk, current smoker, per 10,000 Lifetime risk, general population, per 10,000... 

Exposure to cigarette smoke increased the permeability of human bronchial epithehal cells from biopsy material obtained from never-smokers who had normal pulmonary function, smokers with normal pulmonary function, and smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the most marked effect was observed in the latter group (Rusznak et al. 2000). Compared with exposure to air, exposure to cigarette smoke led to a significantly increased release of IL-ip and soluble intra-ceUular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) from cul-... 

BALT is significantly more frequent in smokers and recent ex-smokers (< 2 years) as compared to never-smokers and longer term ex-smokers (> 2 years) (P <0.01) in age and sample-matched groups (Richmond et al. 1992). Endobronchial biopsies of second- and third-generation bronchi taken from 44 non-smoking elite cross-country skiers showed small BALT in 64% of skiers but in only 25 % of their control subjects (Sue-Chu et al. 1998). 

Fraig M, Shreesha U, Savici D, et al. Respiratory bronchiolitis a clinicopathologic study in current smokers, ex-smokers, and never-smokers. Am J Surg Pathol 2002 26 647-653. 

Ultimately, the question is not how many deaths are attributable to particulate air pollution, but whether these associations represent substantial loss of life expectancy. In the Six-Cities Study, the estimated effect of air pollution across the range of exposures for never-smokers was 1.19 (95% Cl 0.90-1.57). Applying this increased probability of death at each age between 25 and 85 years for the U.S. population (86) gives a decrease in life expectancy of 2.0 years (95% Cl 1.2-5.1 years). The American Cancer Society estimates for effect of fine particles on never-smokers [relative risk of 1.22 (95% Cl 1.07-1.39)] would similarly estimate decreased life expectancy of 2.3 years (95% Cl 0.8-3.7 years). For comparison, based on the Six-Cities Study results, smoking one pack of cigarettes per day starting at age 25 would lead to a decreased life expeetancy of 8.5 years. 

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