Net energy

Face-centered cubic crystals of rare gases are a useful model system due to the simplicity of their interactions. Lattice sites are occupied by atoms interacting via a simple van der Waals potential with no orientation effects. The principal problem is to calculate the net energy of interaction across a plane, such as the one indicated by the dotted line in Fig. VII-4. In other words, as was the case with diamond, the surface energy at 0 K is essentially the excess potential energy of the molecules near the surface. 

Figure Bl.6.12 Ionization-energy spectrum of carbonyl sulphide obtained by dipole (e, 2e) spectroscopy [18], The incident-electron energy was 3.5 keV, the scattered incident electron was detected in the forward direction and the ejected (ionized) electron detected in coincidence at 54.7° (angular anisotropies cancel at this magic angle ). The energy of the two outgoing electrons was scaimed keeping the net energy loss fixed at 40 eV so that the spectrum is essentially identical to the 40 eV photoabsorption spectrum. Peaks are identified with ionization of valence electrons from the indicated molecular orbitals.

Table 30. Net Energy Analysis of Short-Rotation Wood Biomass Production ...

Net energy output gross energy output) X 100, ie, 100 ""Net energy output energy consumed, ie,... 

Location of the system boundaries also is important in the net energy analysis of integrated biomass energy systems. Thus tractors may be used to plant and harvest biomass. The fuel requirements of the tractors are certainly part of E, but is the energy expended in manufacturing the tractors also part of E Some analysts beheve that a complete study should trace all materials of constmction and fossil fuels used back to their original locations in the ground. 

Table 31. Net Energy Production Ratios for Ethanol Production from Com in Integrated System ...

DLVO Theory. The overall stabiUty of a particle dispersion depends on the sum of the attractive and repulsive forces as a function of the distance separating the particles. DLVO theory, named for Derjaguin and Landau (11) and Verwey and Overbeek (12), encompasses van der Waals attraction and electrostatic repulsion between particles, but does not consider steric stabilization. The net energy, AGp between two particles at a given distance is the sum of the repulsive and attractive forces ... 

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