Nemst, Walther

Nemst, Walther. Die Ziele der physikalischen Chemie. Gottingen Vandenhoek und Ruprecht, 1896. 

Nemst equation An equation relating cell voltage E to the standard voltage ° and the concentrations of reactants and products E = E° — (0.0257/ )(lnQ), 493,508-509q application, 494-495 ion concentrations, 494-495 Nernst, Walther, 493... 

When both solutions are binary and identical in nature and differ only by their concentration and the component E of the held strength is given by Eq. (4.18), the diffusion potential 9 can be expressed by Eq. (4.19). An equation of this type was derived by Walther Nemst in 1888. Like other equations resting on Eick s law (4.1), this equation, is approximate and becomes less exact with increasing concentration. For the more general case of multicomponent solutions, the Henderson equation (1907),... 

Ion partition equilibria at ITIES were first studied by Walther Nemst in 1892. Nemst derived the fundamental relationship linking the equilibrium difference of the inner (or Galvani) potentials, to the ratio of ion concentrations in... 

For an analysis of the OCV of batteries, the notion of electrode potential was of prime importance. In 1883, Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932 Nobel prize, 1909) gave a clear description of this notion. At his suggestion, his student Walther Nemst (1864-1941 Nobel prize, 1920) investigated the thermodynamic equilibrium... 

Richard Willstatter, From My Life, trans. Lili S. Hornig (New York and Amsterdam W. A. Benjamin, 1965) 9495. Diana Barkan notes that Nernst s "contact with traditional chemical problems was minimal" ("Walther Nemst," 1990, 132). 

Wilhelm Ostwald, Elektrochemie. Ihre Geschichte undLehre (Leipzig Verlag von Veit, 1896) p. 1148, quoted in Diana Barkan, "Walther Nemst and the Transition to Modern Physical Chemistry," Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1990, 44. 

Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., Invented Traditions (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1983). For examples of invented traditions, see John Gillis, "The Cultural Production of Family Identities in Nineteenth-Century Britain," RCHA Paper, 1989. Also see, Barkan, "Walther Nemst," 28. 

Bodenstein became director of the Institut fur Physikalische Chemie at Berlin in 1923, succeeding Walther Nemst when Nerst became director of the physics institute. Also, see Laidler, "Chemical Kinetics," 71. 

See Kragh, "Between Physics and Chemistry," 27 and Barkan, "Walther Nemst," 158159, drawing on a letter from Ostwald to Nerst, 22 November 1892, Ostwald Papers, AAW, Berlin. The views at issue are found in J. H. van t Hoff, "Role of Osmotic Pressure in the Analogy between Solutions and Gases" (1887) and Svante Arrhenius, "On the Dissociation of Substances in Aqueous Solution" (1887), in The Foundations of the Theory of Dilute Solution (Edinburgh Alembic Club, 1929), no. 19. 

The reduction potential of a half-cell depends not only on the chemical species present but also on their activities, approximated by their concentrations. About a century ago, Walther Nemst derived an equation that relates standard reduction potential ( ") to the reduction potential (E) at any concentration of oxidized and reduced species in the cell ... 

At the end of the 19th century, the theory of electrolytic dissociation became an important part of physical chemistry. Wilhelm Ostwald, Svante Arrhenius, and Walther Nemst were among the most vigorous supporters of that theory, which also had some severe critics. The ensuing debate has been discussed in a paper, which analyses the arguments on both sides and shows how the proponents of the theory attempted to resolve its difficulties.90... 

The fluorite oxides are the classical oxygen ion conducting oxide materials the study of these materials as electrolytes derives from the early investigations of Walther Nemst 1900. The fluorite structure illustrated in Figure 13 is best described for the purposes of the present discussion as a primitive cubic array of anions (O ) with half the cube centers occupied by cations the latter form a face-centered-cubic (fee) arrangement of the cation sublattice. The unoccupied cube centers play a central role in the defect physics and ionic conductivity of fluorites, because they... 

Walther Nemst, a German physical chemist, developed the relationship to relate the voltage obtained from a battery to the concentration of the chemicals present. 

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