Negative branch

It should be evident that the negative branches of P vs. V shown in Fig. 3 can be excluded. These branches of the function ate correct mathematically,... 

L1, L2, L3 phase conductors V/ -V3 positive branch of the rectifier bridge V4-VQ-. negative branch of the rectifier bridge V7, /8 short-circuiting thyristors to be fired in parallel. 

Within the three-layer interpretation a quantitative coincidence is achieved (Table 3.7) in accordance with the earlier findings of Scheludko et al.[ 15,73,80,89,155,229] and more recent measurements with thin liquid films squeezed between mica surfaces [244,245], The isotherm derived (Fig. 3.38) is not monotonous. The left branch, though steeper, is qualitatively the same. The diminishing negative branch can be fitted with a simple power law... 

Distinctly different behavior is shown in Fig. 7H for KBr. The PZC is shifted in the cathodic direction as the concentration of the electrolyte increases. The anion is strongly adsorbed, as can be seen from the depression of the value of y with increasing concentration, at fixed potential, which is observed even on part of the negative branch of the electrocapillary curve. 

Since the C value is related to the size of hydrated counterions its value may be different at the both sides of the PZC, Thus with amphoteric surfaces the goodness of fit within the constant capacitance model can be improved by allowing different C values for positive and negative branch of the charging curves. This possibility was explored in Figs. 5.35-5,38, The IVs was assumed to be equal to 0.3 C/m (1.8 sites/ nm, fixed value). The best-fit C+ and C. (the subscript denotes the sign of the cro) are summarized in Table 5.11. 

Inert electrolytes show ion specificity, as discussed in Chapter 2 and illustrated in Figures 2.4, 2.5, 2.9, and 2.10. The anions affect the positive branches of the charging and electrokinetic curves, and the cations affect the negative branches. The affinity to particular monovalent anions and cations depends on the character of the surface, and follows the hard- soft acid-base principle that is, hard surfaces prefer to adsorb hard ions, and soft surfaces prefer to adsorb soft ions. The effects of ion specihcity on the charging and electrokinetic curves are usually minor. The affinity series observed in coagulation behavior are termed Hoffmeister series. 

The frequencies (19) constitute the positive and negative branches of the band. For Am=0, the null branch is obtained ... 

The positive and negative branches consist therefore of equidistant lines, which begin in general at different places the positive branch begins at , the negative at —( — ) By forbidding the state m=0 and putting = Kratzer thus deduces a gap, of twice the width of the ordinary separation of the lines, between the two branches. 

Figure 10. Dependence of intensity and polarization on the number of monomers (or cluster size) for cluster type 5 (see Fig. 8). The intensity increases, the polarization decreases, and the negative branch deepens with increasing the number of CPs.

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