Nebulization factors affecting

Phipps, Paul,R. Gonda, Igor. Droplets produced by medical nebulizers some factors affecting their size and solute concentration. Chest 1990, 97 (6), 1327-1332. 

When coupling a low-pressure detector such as the ELSD with SFC, detection takes place at atmospheric pressure, usually downstream of the back-pressure regulator [2]. Figure la shows a common SFC-ELSD interface with downstream pressure control. Factors affecting ELSD response in this configuration include nebulizer design, evaporation conditions, carrier gas flow rate, and the use of makeup fluid. 

Steckel H, Eskandar F (2003) Factors affecting aerosol performance during nebulisatitm with jet and ulbastnuc nebulizers. Eur J Pham Sci 19 443-455... 

A theoretical study of factors which affect pneumatic nebulizers (nebulizer geometry, capillary diameter, temperature fluctuations, gas pressure, solution viscosity, etc.] has been published by Heineman (24). Ultrasonic nebulization (which produces both smaller droplets and a narrower droplet size distribution] continues to attract attention (93, 95). 

The criteria for optimum performance of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray are different. For electrospray, it is important to control the flow rate and composition of the sheath-flow liquid, the mobile phase flow rate, and the dimensions of the electrospray and sheath-flow capillaries, as well as their relative position with respect to each other. Sample ionization with carbon dioxide alone does not occur in the absence of sheath-flow liquid. For atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, apart from those factors that affect the performance of the nebulizer, the flow dynamics throughout the interface and temperature in the ionization region, are the most important parameters. Moistened air is sometimes used as a makeup gas to maintain stable operation of the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface with HaO ions supplementing solvent ions in the reaction gas plasma. The ionization efficiency of both methods is similar to liquid chromatography. 

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