Near surface imaging

Integrated circuits have been studied fairly extensively by acoustic microscopy (Miller 1983, 1985) in addition to disbonding the defects that have been reported also include resist/metal overhang, subsurface blisters and resist inclusions, hillocks shorting between metallization layers, spikes in 

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Several years ago the concept of near-surface imaging was introduced(l,2). The critical step that imparts the etch selectivity by introduction of refractive elements is termed gas-phase functionalization and involves the selective reaction... 

Figure Bl.26.21. Potential energy curves for an electron near a metal surface. Image potential curve no applied field. Total potential curve applied external field = -E. ...

Imura, K., Okamoto, H., Hossain, M. K. andKitajima, M. (2006) Near-field imaging of surface-enhanced Raman active sites in aggregated gold nanoparticles. Chem. Lett., 35, 78-79. 

Raw data gathered from seismic surveys must be processed to compensate for and to remove a variety of distortions unwanted noises created by weathered near-surface rocks, normal time delays, and echoing by rebounding acoustic waves—to provide the clearest possible image of the strata below. Computers can restore these distortions in a fraction of the time that was formerly required to adjust the data painstakingly by hand. Advanced techniques not only permit presentations in three dimensions, but also in color, and to create contour maps and models of subterranean features. However, even with the use of sophisticated tools, there remains a large measure of uncertainty. History has shown repeatedly that a prospective area rejected by one petroleum firm has been accepted by another and proved to be successful. 

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