Natural versus induced cells

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The effects of DBS on the cortex-basal-ganglia-thalamus-cortex motor loop appear to be more complex than initially believed. The paradox of DBS is that electrical stimulation of brain tissue (which presumably induces brain activation), has a similar effect as that of a surgical lesion of that same structure (which effectively destroys brain tissue). These two realities are hard to reconcile. As indicated by [64] the ultimate elucidation of this paradox depends on the nature of the complex and interactive neural connections in the brain that communicate through electrical and chemical processes. There is an emerging view that DBS has both excitatory and inhibitory effects on how brain circuits communicate with one another depending on the distance from the electrode, the cell structures activated and the direction of the activation (ortho- versus anti-dromic). The effect appears to modulate the activity of a network as well as neural firing patterns. Long term effects on neurotransmitters and receptor systems cannot be excluded [64]. 

The predominant effect of flavonoid and isoflavonoid supplementation in ex vivo cell culture models appears to be one of promoting apoptosis [54—57]. This is repeatedly observed in studies witti transformed cancer cells, leading to the descriptions cytoprotective and/or chemopreventive [6,58]. Two poly-phenolic compounds that have been extensively studied in anticancer research are quercetin and genistein, a flavonoid and isoflavone, respectively. However, ex vivo studies with primary cultured cells in 2000 and 2001 showed that some flavonoids can prevent apoptosis promoted by agents that induce oxidative stress [7,8,59]. The outcome of flavonoid treatment is expected to show a complex dependence on a number of factors, including the type of flavonoid, its concentration, the type of cell (e.g., transformed versus nontransformed), the mechanisms of action of the flavonoid, the nature of the proapoptotic stimulus, and the specific apoptotic signaling pathway that is activated. 

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