Narrow optimum design

Figure 7-8 Narrow Optimum Design Figure 7-9 Wide Optimum Design...

Continuous-flow stirred-tank reactors ia series are simpler and easier to design for isothermal operation than are tubular reactors. Reactions with narrow operating temperature ranges or those requiring close control of reactant concentrations for optimum selectivity benefit from series arrangements. 

The design and placement of the second beam intensity monitor demands more attention. The definition of X-ray absorption does not discriminate between primary beam, USAXS and SAXS. So the second beam intensity monitor should guide primary beam, USAXS and SAXS through its volume, whereas the WAXS should pass outside the monitor. The optimum setup for SAXS and USAXS measurements is a narrow ionization chamber directly behind the sample. For WAXS measurement a pin-diode in the beam stop is a good solution for WAXS. For USAXS and SAXS it may be acceptable, as long as the relevant part of the primary beam is caught, the optical system is in thermal equilibrium and the synchrotron beam does not jump (cf. Sect. 4.2.3.5). 

These generators, and some others described in the literature, such as the Berglund apparatus (40), result in droplets of a rather narrow size distribution (31,32,39,41), but their major difficulty is in the extremely low quantities of products. While these designs are most useful in establishing the optimum conditions for the preparation of uniform colloids, they are impractical for mass production. To achieve... 

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