Nanostructured materials from BCPs

The synthesis of BCPs and their applications, in particular, those conung from nanostructured materials, have been intensively explored in bulk solution but also in thin films. As a result, BCPs in bulk and thin films have been applied to the preparation of nanometer-size templates and membranes, photonic materials, or solar cells, just to mention a few [1]. 

Recently, nanostructured metals have attracted much attentimi for a variety of applications such as metamaterials [15], plasmonics [54], and catalysis. The fabrication of nanostmctured metals from BCP SA can be very powerful compared with other top-down approaches because 3D large-scale fabricatimi of materials is possible. 

In this section, we have outlined fabrication of different classes of nano-structured materials via BCP SA. We expect that the scope of these methods will be broadened even further in the future. The resulting nanostructured materials may provide advanced material properties for applications that cannot be attained from conventional materials. In the next section, we summarize several efforts directed towards the application of BCP-directed nanostructured hybrid materials. 

Next, it was demonstrated that the CNT presents limitations when the nuclei size falls into the nanometric range [81]. However, the alternative nucleation models present a significant complexity therefore CNT is commonly used to provide a qualitative estimation of nncleation in nanoporous foams the feamres proposed by Spitael et al. currently are stiU widely accepted. In addition, it is well known that nanoporous polymer requires nuclei densities greater than 10 " nuclei per cubic centimeter of the precursor materials. Therefore initial micelle densities should be higher than this value to produce nanoporous polymers from polymer blends presenting a nucellar nanostructuration, but hopefully these values can be expected even when BCP precursors are blended at low copolymer concentration (eg, <10 wt%). 

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