Mutational mechanisms

Changes in transporter proteins by high-frequency genetic mutation mechanisms, while maintaining transport activity, helps to evade the host s immune response, and in cases where the substrate specificity is changed, helps the microorganism to adapt to new iron sources. 

Ohta T, Gray TA, Rogan PK et al. Imprinting-mutation mechanisms in Prader-Willi syndrome. Am ) Hum Genet 1999 64[2] 397-413. 

Pech, M., Hochtl, J., Schnel], H., Zachau, H.G. (1981). Differences between germ-line and rearranged immunoglobulin VK coding sequences suggest a localized mutation mechanism. Nature 291, 668-670. 

Roy CN, Andrews NC. Recent advances in disorders of iron metabolism mutations, mechanisms and modifiers. Hum Molec Genet 2001 10 2181-6. 

Fig. 3A Role of exogenous and endogenous factors in shaping tumor mutation patterns. Mini-hotspots in the p53 coding sequence. Distribution of four mutation types in the coding sequence, GC to AT transitions at CpG (representing 23% of all mutations), GC to TA transversions (15%), GC to CG (8%), and AT to GC (12%). CpG transitions primarily appear as the consequence of an endogenous mutation mechanism and form well-defined mutation hotspots. Because of these major hotspots, the mini-hotspots corresponding to other mutation types are difficult to detect. Only sites that contain more than 1 % of a specific mutation type are shown. Hotspot codons for each mutation type are indicated. Some of the non-CpG hotspots are well-characterized sites of alteration induced by exogenous carcinogens (see Fig. 5).

Expansion of trinucleotide repeat sequences is the mutational mechanism in at least 16 neurological disorders,... 

Lewis W, Levine ES, Griniuviene B, Tankersley KO, Colacino JM, Sommadossi JP, Watanabe KA, Perrino FW (1996b) Fialiuidine and its metabolites inhibit DNA polymerase y at sites of multiple adjacent analog incorporation, decrease mtDNA abundance, and cause mitochraidrial structural defects in cultiued hepatoblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sd USA 93 3592-3597 Lewis W, Copeland WC, Day BJ (2001) Mitochondrial DNA depletion, oxidative stress and mutation mechanisms of dysfunction from nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhihitors. Lab Invest 81 777-790... 

Ma Shangquan, et al. 2000. Application Research on Rheoloy and Mutation Mechanism in Coal and Gas Outbursts, Jiangsu Coal, 3 13-15. 

R. A. Cairns, and T. W. Mak, Oncogenic isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations mechanisms, models, and clinical opportunities. Cancer Discov., 3 (2013) 730-41. 

Once the new generation of chromosomes has been formed, a mutation mechanism comes into operation in the chromosomes, a number of genes are modified in a completely arbitrary manner. Typically, however, this modification concerns only one gene to a thousand, so... 

However, if cells pretreated as above were inoculated into a medium without antibiotics, colonies of the rodlike cells reappeared, reversing into the original, non-induced state. Therefore, P. freudenreichii strain El behaved as a natural mutant. No mutagenesis was used to induce this strain, and the high yield of spherical forms excluded completely the involvement of mutational mechanisms. 

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