Muscarinic receptors down-regulation

Tsuga, H., Kameyama, K., Haga, T., Honma, T., Lameh, J., and Sadee, W. (1998) Internalization and down-regulation of human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor m2 subtypes. Role of third intracellular m2 loop and G protein- coupled receptor kinase 2. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 5323-5330. 

Repeated or long-term exposure to low levels of nerve agents can cause neurophysiological and behavioral alterations due to down-regulation of muscarinic receptors in the hippocampus as a reaction to acetylcholine accumulation at muscarinic receptor sites based on AChE inhibition. This phenomenon is considered to be the cause of behavior performance deficits, especially disruption of cognitive functions. 

Fukamauchi F, Hough C, Chang D-W (1991) Expression and agonist-induced down-regulation of mRNAs of m2- and m3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in cultured cerebellar granule cells. J. Neurochem., 56, 716-719. 

Fukamauchi, F., Saunders, P.L., Hough, C., Chuang, D.M., 1993. Agonist-induced down-regulation and antagonist-induced up-regulation of m2- and m3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA and protein in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 44, 940-949. 

Jell, D, A., Hill, E, F Fernando, J. C.. Eldefrawi, M, E and Eldefrawi, A. T. (1993). Down regulation of muscarinic receptors and the m3 subtype in white-footed mice by dietary exposure to parathion. J. To.xicol. Environ. Health 39, 395-415. 

Wang, S. Z., Hu, J. R Long. R. M, Pou. W. S., Forray. C, and el-Fakahany, E. E. (1990). Agonist-induced down-regulation of ml muscarinic receptors and reduction of their raRNA level in a transfected cell line. FEBS Lett. 276, 185-188. 

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