Multivalent ions definition

The factor z F takes into account the fact that the definition of chemical potential is based on the mole, while the Galvani potential is defined in terms of the unit charge 7 = 1A 5. The Faraday constant arises from multiplying the electronic charge e by Avagadro s number F-eQ NA - The factor z, which indicates the number of unit charges exchanged per molecule, must be taken into account for multivalent ions. Equilibrium between different phases prevails, then, when the electrochemical potential is equal in all phases ... 

The system resulting from mixing of aluminum oxide and polyacrylic acid in aqueous solution was determined to be very complex due to the partial dissolution of the oxide which liberates 10 4 mol/L multivalent aluminum ions in the supernatant at pH 5.0 [79], Definitely to set the chemical composition of the system, the aluminum ion concentration was fixed by dissolving the required amount of A1C13 in 10 3 mol/L KC1 at pH 4.06. Addition... 

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