Multiplier, pneumatic

Cells growing as biofilm Cells multiply on fixed surfaces in bioreactors with fluids typically moved hydrodynamically or pneumatically Batch operation... 

In pneumatics it is common to refer to most signal-conditioning devices other than controllers as relays. Included are adders, subtractors, multipliers, and so on. For elearonic andog and digital controls, it is more common to use terms such as signal scalers and multipliers. 

To implement equation (11.1), we need a summer with adjustable gain and bias, and a multiplier. For the former the Foxboro 136-1 is a suitable devicct while for the latter we would use the Foxboro 556-8 multiplier. The discussion that follows, however, could be readily extended to other pneumatic, electronic, or digital devices. A commonly used hardware arrangement is shown in Figure 11.2. 

Actuators. The problem of radiation damage to hydraulic fluids, elastomers, or electrical insulations is avoided by utilizing pneumatically powered metallic bellotvs for remote actuation of the valves. The actuator is a simple linear device which can be controlled with standard pneumatic controllers or regulators. The bellows may also be stacked to multiply the forces available. In the HRE 2, pneumatic actuators develop up to 5440 lb force. 

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