Multiple ratio single-particle

Figure 2. Multiple ratio single-particle counter and exhaust system...

In the present work with a laser source and photon counting detection we were able to make measurements at concentrations lower than the work of Heller and Tabibian where multiple scattering and particle turbidity were negligible and single scattering could be directly observed. It was possible to make direct measurements of IQ and utilize the Rayleigh ratio Vv and Mie theory coefficient (ii)A by... 

Multiple Ratio-Type Single-Particle Counters (MRSPC). Diagnostic techniques using the light scattered by an individual particle passing... 

The results of uranium isotope ratio measurements by MC-TIMS (TRITON Thermo Fisher Scientific) on a single uranium oxide reference particle (10 pan) are illustrated in Figure 8.5.9,144 The high precision of multiple ion counters and high detection power in the MC-TIMS are... 

Alpha particles emitted from nuclides which decay to a single level are observed as mono-energy particles. On transitions given the branching ratio in Table 5.6, multiple alpha energies are observed. Such a fine structure in the alpha spectrum comes about because an alpha emitter may decay to any one of several discrete energy levels of its daughter. Am is commonly used as a standard source. 

The K(3 IKOi x-ray intensity ratio is an easily measurable quantity with relatively high precision and has been studied extensively for /f-x-ray emission by radioactive decay, photoionization, and charged-particle bombardment (1-3). Except for the case of heavy-ion impact where multiple ionization processes are dominant, it is generally accepted that this ratio is a characteristic quantity for each element. The experimental results are usually compared with the theoretical values for a single isolated atom and good agreement is obtained with the relativistic self-consistent-field calculations by Scofield (4). 

Tlie scaling relationships can be exploited to decrease the overall particle formation rate by splitting a large nozzle flow into multiple smaller streams. Consider a Utrge stream ( T ) split into n smaller, noninteracting jets with equal diameters. The temperatures and vapor concentrations are the same in both sy.stems. Two additional relations are needed to compare their piuticle formation rates. The first is that the total ma. s flow for the multiple jets is equal to the single jet flow m = n m . The ratio of total particle formation rates in the two. systems, Fn, , = n Y and Ki. is then... 

When the elements of the disperse phase can be classified as equidimensional, namely they have nearly the same size or spread in multiple directions, and have constant material density, typically a single internal coordinate is used to identify the size of the elements. This could be particle mass (or volume), particle surface area or particle length. In fact, in the case of equidimensional particles these quantities are all related to each other. For example, in the trivial cases of spherical or cubic particles, particle volume and particle surface area can be easily written as Vp = k d and Ap = k d, or, in other words, as functions of a characteristic length, d (i.e. the diameter for the sphere and the edge for the cube), a volume shape factor, k, and a surface-area shape factor, k. For equidimensional objects the choice of the characteristic length is straightforward and the ratio between kp, and k is always equal to six. The approach can, however, be extended also to non-equidimensional objects. In this context, the extension turns out to be very useful only if... 

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