Multilin

I and the measured line intensities are fitted to an exponential expression. S (-e) =A + B exp(-i / T ). The inversion-recovery experiments are often perfonned for multiline spectra of low-natural abundance nuclei,... 

Krypton lasers are also ionized gas lasers and are very similar in general characteristics to argon lasers (27). Krypton lasers having total multiline output up to 16 W are available commercially. The strongest line at 0.6471 p.m is notable because it is in the red portion of the spectmm, and thus makes the krypton laser useful for appHcations such as display and entertainment. 

Mossbauer nuclei per square centimetre, the Debye-Waller factor/a of the absorber material, and the resonance cross-section Gq of the Mossbauer isotope. For a multiline spectrum, the result must be split into separate values for each line, which are obtained by weighting t with the relative transition probability of each line. 

Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of palladium features on silicon substrate as a function of laser power (measured at laser) and scan speed. Palladium acetate precursor film thickness is 1.6 pm (cw Ar+ laser - multiline mode, spot size —50 /mi).

Wolfe, M.S. (1985). The current status and prospects of multiline cultivars and variety mixtures for disease resistance , Annual Review of Phytopathology, 23, 251-273. 

FIGURE 10.4 Anisotropy averaging in the EPR of TEMPO as a function of temperature. The spectra are from a solution of 1 mM TEMPO in water/glycerol (10/90). The blow-up of the middle 14N (/ = 1) hyperfine line in the 90°C spectrum has been separately recorded on a more dilute sample (100 pM) to minimize dipolar broadening and, using a reduced modulation amplitude of 0.05 gauss, to minimize overmodulation. The multiline structure results from hyperfine interaction with several protons. 

Complex operating panels as shown above will in future certainly be reduced to a multiline display with fewer setting elements as already used in oven control. 

Mundt CC (2002) Use of multiline cultivars and cultivar mixtures for disease management. Annu Rev Phytopathol 40 381-410... 

Figure 2.19 shows, as an example, the output power of a Ti-sapphire laser pumped by a 15 W multiline Ar+ laser. The wide spectral region covered by this laser substitutes for those of the dye lasers emitting in the same spectral region. Several sets... 

TFL.7. R. Herman, T. Lamm, and I. Prigogine, Multiline vehicular traffic and adaptive human behavior, Science 179, 918-920 (1973). 

Two Interpretations of the identity of the species that gives rise to the S2-state multiline and g = 4.1 EPR signals have been proposed (24-26). Both EPR signals are proposed to arise from Mn centers. The difference in interpretations concerns the number of Mn ions involved in each paramagnetic species. 

One view is that three distinct Mn centers function in the water oxidation process two mononuclear Mn centers and a blnuclear Mn center (26). It was proposed (26) that the blnuclear center gives rise to the multiline EPR signal, whereas, one of the... 

The alternate proposal is that both the multiline and g = 4.1 EPR signals arise from the same tetranuclear Mn complex (18,24-25). The conversion of the g = 4.1 EPR signal into the multiline EPR signal upon incubation at 200 K in the dark can then be explained by a temperature-dependent structural change in the Mn site upon... 

In order to distinguish between these possibilities, one must consider the EPR properties of the S2 and S3 states. Measurements have been made of the temperature dependence of the S2-state multiline (24,48-49) and g = 4.1 (24) EPR signals in order to... 

If we return to the possible arrangements of Mn in photosystem II that are consistent with the EXAFS data, one can rule out the possibility that the Mn ions are arranged as two isolated inequivalent Mn dimers because this arrangement cannot account for the Sj -state g - 4.1 EPR signal. This leaves two possible arrangements of the Mn ions a Mn trimer plus a mononuclear Mn center, or a Mn tetramer. Consequently, one should look for an assignment for the 2-state multiline EPR signal from either a mixed-valence Mn trimer or tetramer rather than from a mixed-valence Mn dimer. 

In step 3, a multiline-fitting program was run to optimize the pK a values to minimize the sum of residual squares between calculated and observed mobilities from Eq. (17). Figure 2 shows an example of the MS Excel spreadsheet for pK a calculation. The solver function of MS Excel could be used to perform the multiline-fitting analysis. 

A commonly used method of measuring longitudinal relaxation times in multiline spectra, almost as old as Fourier transform NMR, is the inversion recovery experiment [1] which can be schematized by the pulse sequence... 

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