Monovalent libraries

Sequential protocols in which one starts with a range of multivalent banks, and works towards higher affinities with monovalent libraries, mutational libraries or extension libraries, derived from the enriched clones, have been shown to be highly effective (e g. Refs. 33, 85 and 94). This and the evolutionary approach in highly mutagenic E. coli hosts over many selection rounds (e.g. Ref. 41) will surely influence further experimental design. 

Ames RS, Tornetta MA, Jones CS, Tsui P, Isolation of neutralizing anti-C5a monoclonal antibodies from a filamentous phage monovalent Fab display library, J. Immunol., 152 4572-4581, 1994. 

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