Molybdenum in biological systems

Oxo complexes dominate the chemistry of molybdenum in its higher oxidation states,5 80,92 93 and play a major role in the catalytic activity of molybdenum in biological systems (see Section 36.6.7). MoIV complexes have been characterized containing the monooxo (MoO 2+ and the trans-dioxomolybdenum(IV) Mo02 cores, but no compound has been isolated analogous to the ds-dioxomolybdenum(VI) species described in Section 36.5. Crystal structure determinations have been accomplished for a number of MoIV complexes, and some typical examples are listed in Table 3.80... 

Sec also Chelates and Chelation Cobalt Copper Gold Hydrate Iron Manganese and Molybdenum (In Biological Systems). 

The principal micronutrients and their deficiencies in soils of the United States are shown in Table 3. Even though the traditional micronutrients may be required only in minute quantities, deficiencies can lead to diseased crops and stunted livestock. See also entries on Boron Copper (In Biological Systems) Iron Manganese Molybdenum (In Biological Systems) and Zinc (In Biological Systems). 

MOLYBDENUM (In Biological Systems). Molybdenum is required in very low amouni.s by both plants and animals Nutrient imbalances involving molybdenum and copper have caused serious problems in cattle and sheep production. 

Sakaguchi, T., A. Nakajima, and T. Horikoshi. 1981. Studies on the accumulation of heavy metal elements in biological systems. Accumulation of molybdenum by green microalgae. European Jour. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 12 84-89. 

Karaliota A., Kamariotaki M., Hadjipanagioti D. and Aletras V., Molybdenum catecholates as models for Mo in biological systems. 1. Synthesis and spectroscopic study on Mo complexes with 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. J. Inorg. Biochem. 69 (1998) pp. 79-90. 

R. Hille, Molybdenum Enzymes Containing the Pyranopterin Cofactor An Overview, in Metal Ions in Biological Systems , eds. A. Sigel and H. Sigel, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2002, Vol. 39, p. 187. 

Perhaps the most important area of biochemistry in which ESR is used is the study of metalloproteins. Transition metals in certain oxidation and spin states have unpaired electrons, are paramagnetic, and in many cases are amenable to ESR spectroscopy. The most commonly found transition metals in biological systems are iron, copper, molybdenum, cobalt, and manganese. The remainder, including metals such as vanadium and... 

Hidai, M. Mizobe, Y. Chemical dinitrogen fixation by molybdenum and tungsten complexes insights from coordination chemistry. In Metal Ions in Biological Systems Sigel, A., Sigel, H., Eds. Marcel Dekker New York, 2002 Vol. 39, pp. 121-186. 

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