Molecules of hydrogen

The chemical properties of nitric acid require us to consider the structure first. The vapour of pure nitric acid (i.e. anhydrous) is probably composed of molecules of hydrogen nitrate , which structurally is a resonance hybrid of such forms as ... 

Phenylpropiolic acid. This is an example of an aromatic acetylenic acid, and is made by adding bromine to the ethylenio linkage in ethyl cinnamate, and treating the resulting dibromide with alcohobc potassium hydroxide which eliminates two molecules of hydrogen bromide ... 

In the presence of excess hydrogen halide gemmal dihalides are formed by sequen tial addition of two molecules of hydrogen halide to the carbon-carbon triple bond... 

Our experience has been that some 125 kJ/mol (30 kcal/mol) is given off when ever a double bond is hydrogenated When benzene combines with three molecules of hydrogen the reaction is far less exothermic than we would expect it to be on the basis of a 1 3 5 cyclohexatriene structure for benzene... 

Two molecules of ammonia are needed because its acylation produces in addi tion to the desired amide a molecule of hydrogen chloride Hydrogen chloride (an acid) reacts with ammonia (a base) to give ammonium chloride... 

Early stmctural determination lends iasight iato the chemical reactivity of vitamin K. Catalytic hydrogenation of vitamin consumes four moles of hydrogen and affords a colorless compound. Because complete hydrogenation of a 1,4-naphthoquiaone stmcture consumes three molecules of hydrogen, consumption of the fourth mole iadicates unsaturation ia the side chain. Reductive acetylation of vitamin affords the diacetate of... 

Anti stereochemistry can be explained by a mechanism in which the alkene interacts simultaneously with the proton-donating hydrogen halide and with a source of halide ion, either a second molecule of hydrogen halide or a free halide ion. The anti stereochemistry is consistent with the expectation that the attack of halide ion would be from the opposite... 

Kinetic studies of the addition of hydrogen chloride to styrene support the conclusion that an ion-pair mechanism operates because aromatic conjugation is involved. The reaction is first-order in hydrogen chloride, indicating that only one molecule of hydrogen chloride participates in the rate-determining step. ... 

Chemicals are classed as either elements or compounds. The former are substances which cannot be split into simpler chemicals, e.g. copper. There are 90 naturally-occuiTing elements and 17 artificially produced. In nature the atoms of some elements can exist on their own, e.g. gold, whilst in others they link with other atoms of the same element to form molecules, e.g. two hydrogen atoms combine to form a molecule of hydrogen. Atoms of different elements can combine in simple numerical proportions 1 1, 1 2, 1 3, etc. to produce compounds, e.g. copper and oxygen combine to produce copper oxide hydrogen and oxygen combine to produce water. Compounds are therefore chemical substances which may be broken down to produce more than one element. Molecules are the smallest unit of a compound. 

Heliotrine, CigH2,05N, m.p. 125-6°, [ajn — 75° (CHCI3), yields a methiodide, m.p. 108-111°, and contains one methoxyl group, two hydroxyl groups and a tertiary nitrogen atom. On alkaline hydrolysis it forms heliotridine (p. 607) and heliotric acid (p. 613). In presence of platinic oxide it absorbs two molecules of hydrogen and affords, as scission products, heliotric acid and hydroxyheliotridane (p. 607). 

Forsyth et al. found that gelsemicine contains three active hydrogen atoms (Zerewitinov determination), yields a non-basic, monobenzoyl derivative, m.p. 232°, and behaves as a secondary base giving JV-methyl-gelsemicine hydriodide, m.p. 227°, on treatment with methyl iodide. It does not react with either hydroxylamine or 2 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. On hydrogenation in dry acetic acid in presence of Adams s platinic oxide catalyst it absorbs three molecules of hydrogen. 

G. Vavon has examined the hydrogenation of carvone, in presenc of platinum black as a catalyst, and shown that it takes place in three entirely distinct phases. Carvone fixes successively three molecules of hydrogen, giving dextro-carvotanacetone, then tetrahydrocarvone, and finally carvomenthol. 

---