Molecular activation microwave reactions

Many microwave-assisted reactions have been described using neat conditions such conditions can be attractive from an environmental and process productivity point of view. Neat reactions may be assisted by the presence of, or by support on, a microwave active solid, such as a zeolite (e.g., a molecular sieve) or Montmorollinite clay. A great deal of processing flexibility is possible using combinations of the above with microwave irradiation inputs of varying intensity. 

The standard microwave frequency used for synthesis is 2450 MHz. At this frequency, molecular rotation occurs as molecular dipoles or ions try to align with the alternating electric field of the microwave by processes called dipole rotation or ionic conduction [24, 25). On the basis of the Arrhenius equation, (k = g-Ka/j r j the reaction rate constant depends on two factors, the frequency of collisions between molecules that have the correct geometry for a reaction to occur, A, and the fraction of those molecules that have the minimum energy required to overcome the activation energy barrier,... 

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