Molar flow rates microreactors

Example 4-6 Calculating X in a Reactor with Pressure Drop Example 4 7 Gas-Phase Reaction in Microreactor—Molar Flow Rate Example 4-8 Membrane Reaeior Example CDR4.1 Spherical Reactor Example 4.3.1 Aerosol Reactor Example 4-9 Isothermal Semibatch Reactor Profe.ssional Reference Shelf R4.1. Spherical Packed-Bed Reactor. ... 

Section 6.3 Applications ol the Molar Flow Rate Algorithm to Microreactors... 

Example 6-1 Gas-Phase Reaction in Microreactor—Molar Flow Rate Example 6-2 Membrane Reactor Example 6-3 Isothermal Semibatch Reactor Proressional Reference Shelf R6,1 UnsH udy CSTRs and Semihaich Reactors R6.1A Start-up of a CSTR... 

When the reaction was performed in the microreactor, the maximum conversion of 97.0 % was attained when the flow rate of Boc-AMP solution was 9 ml/min and the molar equivalents of KOH to Boc-AMP was 13 as shown in Fig. 1. Optimum operating conditions were obtained from a statistical method by using factorial design [6]. The yield decreased over the KOH equivalency of 13 in Fig. 1, since the phase separation between the t-Boc20 and the aqueous phase was observed due to the increased water content with increasing KOH equivalency. As the heat transfer performance of the microreactor was greatly improved compared with conventional reactors, higher reaction temperature could be admissible. 

When a solution containing sulfuryl chloride and 40 molar equivalents of cyclohexane was introduced to a microreactor with a residence time 19 min at room temperature, the reaction gave chlorocydohexane selectively in 22% yield (entry 1). While increasing molar ratio of cyclohexane to 80 equiv. did not affect the yield of the product (20%, entry 2), extending residence time (57 min, flow rate l.Oml/h) raised product yield to 35% (entry 3). 

The deactivation was obtained by n-heptane dehydrogenation. Prior to the catalytic tests, the samples were dried with N2 in situ at 423 K and then reduced with H2 at a heating rate of 10 K/min up to 773 K. The reaction was performed in a flow microreactor at atmospheric pressure and at 773 K. The molar ratio was H2/n-C7H]6 = 16 and the space velocity WHSV=2-7 h l. After 4 h under reaction, the catalysts were purged with N2 flow for 30 min and cooled to room temperature. 

Several studies have explored the influence of modified reaction conditions or special techniques to facilitate Pd-catalyzed iV-arylation reactions. For example, Buchwald has demonstrated that water can be used to preactivate Pd(OAc)2/ biarylphosphine catalyst systems, which leads to enhanced reactivity in N-arylations [118]. The addition of small amounts of water has been shown to accelerate Pd/Xantphos-catalyzed A -arylations of amide nucleophiles when CS2CO3 is used as base [119]. Particle size, shape, and molar excess also have a large influence on reaction rates for Cs2C03-mediated reactions [120]. The use of microwave irradiation to facilitate A -arylation has been explored [121-124], and transformations have been conducted in continuous flow microreactors [125], or with supercritical CO2 as solvent [126]. 

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