Moderate changes, defined

In order to develop compounds that can selectively target duplex RNA, Sinha et al. [ 194] studied the interaction of berberine with two different conformations of poly(rC) poly(rG) structures. Poly(rC) poly(rG) has been shown [15,215] to exist in two conformations depending on the pH of the solution, the A-form at physiological pH and the protonated form at pH 4.3. These two conformations have been characterized to have clearly defined but distinctly different circular dichroic and absorption spectral characteristics. Both the A-form and the protonated form of the RNA induced moderate hypochromic change and bathochromic shifts in the absorption maxima peaks at 344 nm and 420 nm of the alkaloid with three isosbestic points centered around 357,382 and 448 nm. Binding of berberine to both forms enhanced the fluorescence intensity, which was higher with the protonated form than with the A-from, suggesting clear differences in the nature of orientation... 

Moderate hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium of 2.5 to 3.5 mEq/L (2.5 to 3.5 mmol/L) without ECG changes. In this setting, potassium replacement can usually be given orally at a dose of 40 to 120 mEq/day (40 to 120 mmol/day). Anecdotally, oral potassium supplementation (see Table 24-7) is often more effective in repleting moderate hypokalemia. For patients with an ongoing source of potassium loss, chronic replacement therapy should be considered. The potassium... 

This treatment admits the activity of water as a major influence on reactions in acidic media, and relates divergences from ideal Zucker-Hammett behaviour to changes in the activity of water. This represents an advance on the conventional treatments, and together with a more recent modification by Bunnett and Olson51119, in which a new parameter () is defined, provides an improved general procedure for the treatment of data for reactions in moderately concentrated acids. 

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