Mica—montmorillonite catalysts

Raffinate Hydrocracking with Palladium-Nickel— Containing Synthetic Mica-Montmorillonite Catalysts... 

The probe molecule pyridine has often been used more recently in the study of clay surface acidity by IR methods. Figure 7 shows data of pyridine chemisorption on a synthetic mica-montmorillonite catalyst as an example (62,63) of the types of bands of interest. The spectra are interpreted as showing chemisorption of pyridine at both protic and aprotic sites. The clay was first heated for 15 h at 650°C under vacuum and then cooled and spectrum A taken. Note that there are no bands in the 1400-1700 cm region, the residual hydroxyl near 3450 cm S and edge silanol hydroxyl at 3747 cm . Pyridine vapor was then chemisorbed and spectrum B taken. The bands at 1456 cm and 1547 cm are assigned to Lewis and Bronsted sites, respectively. Since the 3747 cm edge silanol band decreases, it is assumed that these protons are involved in the mechanism. Lewis sites predominated under these particular conditions. 

Recently, interest in clays as acidic catalysts has been quickened by the reported high catalytic activity of a synthetic mica-montmorillonite clay and its nickel-containing analogs. Wright et al. (247) have described the structure, thermal modification and surface acidity of the clay, which they designated SMM for synthetic mica-montmorillonite. 

There has been renewed interest in catalytically active clays since the report by Swift and Black ( 1) to the effect that replacement of octahedrally coordinated aluminium ions by nickel or cobalt in synthetic smectite clays, as done by Granquist ( ), results in a new type of catalyst, called nickel- (or cobalt-) substituted mica montmorillonite (Ni(Co)SMM), which is very active in the isomerization and cracking of hydrocarbons. 

The presence of an organophilic clay increases the catalyst activity (10). Suitable clays include montmorillonite, hectorite, mica, etc. For example, Lucentite is a trioctylmonomethylammonium salt-treated synthetic hectorite. The clays are modified with quaternary ammonium compounds. The clays are heat treated prior to their use in the polymerization process. Further, the incorporated clay can improve the performance of the UHMWPE or function as filler. 

Sepiolite is a fibrillar silicate which has been also used as a nanoclay in PLA, compared with both montmorillonite and halloysite. The use of pillared serpentines as support for ZnO catalyst for PLA polymerization has been recently reported. Zhang et al. obtained vermiculite/PLA nanocomposite by in situ polymerization of the PLA °. The use of different synthetic micas as nanofillers in PLA has also been evaluated. ... 

The parent rectorite is essentially inactive. Table 2. However, after reacting with Chlorhydrol and calcination in air at 400°C/10h, a pillared product with cracking activity typical of zeolitic fluid cracking catalyst (FCC) and of similarly pillared montmorillonites is obtained. Tables 2,3. The mica-like particles have a bulk density that is less than 502 that of ACH-bentonite granules with similar size, Table 2. Thus, for a given cat/oil ratio longer oil-catalyst contact times are obtained when cracking gas oils at MAT... 

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