Methyl group directing effect

Answer Methyl group is weakly activating, and chloro is weakly deactivating. Thus, the two groups have only small effects on the rate of reaction. The methyl group directs the electrophile to two possible positions ortho and para to it. The chloro group directs the electrophile... 

In an analogous reaction, 2-benzylpyridine was prepared from reaction of pyridine N-oxide and benzyltrimethylsilane in the presence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride. 9 Substituent effects on the base-catalysed rearrangement of N-(aryloxy)pyridinium salts have been studied. A 3-methyl group directs rearrangement to the 6-position whereas an electron-withdrawing group directs rearrangement mainly to the 2-position. With a suitable choice of substituent it is therefore possible to form tricyclic products as illustrated in Scheme 11. 

Often the directing effects of substituents reinforce each other Brommation of p mtrotoluene for example takes place at the position that is ortho to the ortho para directing methyl group and meta to the meta directing nitro group... 

Substituents cannot directly conjugate with /3-pyridine-like nitrogen atoms. Azole substituents which are not a or y to a pyridine-like nitrogen react as they would on a benzene ring. Conjugation with an a-pyridine-like nitrogen is much more effective across a formal double bond thus the 5-methyl group in 3,5-dimethyl-l,2,4-oxadiazole (323) is by far the more reactive. 

Previously mentioned was the importance of directing substituents of the anil in expediting cyclization and that when powerful EWGs are present, cyclization might be inhibited entirely. A study was conducted to consider the steric influence of methyl substituents on the anil and their effect on the cyclization. It was proposed that a methyl group on the anil had a profound effect on the site of cyclization. For example, while 42 was isolated in only 22% yield, the other isomer 43 was not observed. This... 

The acid cleavage of the aryl— silicon bond (desilylation), which provides a measure of the reactivity of the aromatic carbon of the bond, has been applied to 2- and 3-thienyl trimethylsilane, It was found that the 2-isomer reacted only 43.5 times faster than the 3-isomer and 5000 times faster than the phenyl compound at 50,2°C in acetic acid containing aqueous sulfuric acid. The results so far are consistent with the relative reactivities of thiophene upon detritia-tion if a linear free-energy relationship between the substituent effect in detritiation and desilylation is assumed, as the p-methyl group activates about 240 (200-300) times in detritiation with aqueous sulfuric acid and about 18 times in desilylation. A direct experimental comparison of the difference between benzene and thiophene in detritiation has not been carried out, but it may be mentioned that even in 80.7% sulfuric acid, benzene is detritiated about 600 times slower than 2-tritiothiophene. The aforementioned consideration makes it probable that under similar conditions the ratio of the rates of detritiation of thiophene and benzene is larger than in the desilylation. A still larger difference in reactivity between the 2-position of thiophene and benzene has been found for acetoxymercuration which... 

The position of substitution in disubstituted thiophenes can, in most cases, easily be deduced from the directing effect of each substituent. Thus with a - -M-substituent in the 2-position and a —M-substituent in the 5-position, both substituents direct the entering group to the 3-position as is exemplified by the nitration of methyl 2-bromo-5-thiophenecarboxylate to methyl 2-bromo-3-nitro-5-thio-phenecarboxylate (109) or in the chlororaethylation of methyl 2-methyl-5-thiophenecarboxylate to methyl 2-methyl-3-chloromethyl-5-thiophenecarboxylate (110). °... 

These pyridazines are subject to direct deactivation of the leaving group. It would appear from the conditions used in its reactions with ammonia (115°) and methylamine (50°) that 4-chloro-2-ethylthiopyrimidine (225) is somewhat deactivated (indirect). In various aminations of pyrimidines, the effect of an alkylthio group seems to be very mildly deactivating, like that of methyl groups. However, these surmises from the conditions used are not as reliable as the direct qualitative comparison described above and the kinetic data. 

The isomeric 4-iodopyrazole-5-carboxylic acid is cyclocondensed in a similar way. Introduction of the additional methyl group into the ring has no effect on the direction of cycloaddition 4-iodo-l,3-dimethylpyrazole-5-carboxylic acid forms only 5-lactones (Scheme 118). 

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