Methyl butane , thermodynamic

TABLE 2-235 Thermodynamic Properties of 2-Methyl Butane (Isopentane)... 

With acyclic and alicyclic ketones regiocheraical complications can arise from alternative modes of enolization. With acyclic compounds there is the additional complication of geometrical isomers. Direction of enolization is usually in accord with thermodynamic stability thus butan-2-one gives ( )-80 and (Z)-81 forms of 3-chloro-2-methyl-2 butenal (Eq. 75). Chain branching at the a or p carbon... 

Many applications of Kilpatrick and Pitzer s procedure for calculating thermodynamic properties of molecules with compound rotation have been reported. In all cases possible potential energy cross-terms between rotating tops have been neglected. Contributions from internal rotation of symmetric tops have been calculated using the appropriate tables." These tables have also been used in calculations for the internal rotation of asymmetric tops hindered by a simple -fold cosine potential. 3-Fold potential barriers have been assumed in calculations for the —OH rotations in propanol and 1-methylpropanol, the —SH rotations in propane-1-thiol, butane-2-thiol, 2-methylpropane-l-thiol, and 2-methylbutane-2-thiol, the C—S skeletal rotations in ethyl methyl sulphide, diethyl sulphide, isopropyl methyl sulphide, and t-butyl methyl sulphide, and the C—C skeletal rotations in 2,3-dimethylbutane, and 2-methylpropane-l-thiol. 2-Fold cosine potential barriers have been assumed in calculations in the S—S skeletal rotations in dimethyl disulphide and diethyl disulphide. ... 

In 1992, about 6.5 billion lb acetic acid was produced worldwide, of which about 3.6 billion lb was produced in the United States [1]. The current commercial processes for its production include oxidation of ethanol (acetaldehyde), oxidation of butane-butene mixture or naphtha, and carbonylation of methanol or methyl acetate. These are catalytic processes. The last, liquid-phase carbonylation of methanol using a rhodium and iodide catalyst, has become the dominant process since its introduction in the late 1960s, and accounted for about half the production of acetic acid in the United States [2]. That represents a conversion of 1.5 x 106 ton per year of methanol into 2.8 x 106 ton per year of acetic acid. In the United States, 80% of actual plant operation capacity is based on this technology [3]. The reaction is thermodynamically favorable [4], and the theoretical conversion is practicalty 100% at 389 K ... 

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