Methyl bromide : reaction with triphenylphosphine

Oct-OPV5 and Ooct-OPV5 were prepared following a procedure that was used to prepare terf-butyl-end-substituted oligo(phenylene vinylenes) [43], Benzyltri-phenylphosphonium bromide was lengthened by a styryl unit via a Wittig reaction with 4-methylbenzaldehyde. The methyl group of the stilbene was functionalized by bromination with A -bromosuccinimide (NBS). The phosphonium salt of the stilbene was obtained by a subsequent reaction with triphenylphosphine in toluene. 

Additions to functionalized three-carbon olefins have been studied extensively. We have used methyl acrylate as a standard olefin since it always reacts only at the terminal carbon and the a,/3-double bond in the product is always trans. The stereospecificity of its reactions with vinylic halides varies with structure. The simple 1-halo-l-alkenes with methyl acrylate under normal conditions give mixtures of E,Z- and E,E-dienoates. The reaction is more selective with the bromides than with the iodides and the stereoselectivity increases with increasing triphenylphosphine concentration. This occurs because the excess phosphine displaces the hydridopalladium halide group from the diene 7r-complex before readdition to form the ir-allylic species occurs (see Equation 6). The disubstituted vinylic bromides react stereospecifically with methyl acrylate (4). 

The reaction of benzyl chloride with metallic nickel in the presence of methyl acrylate was carried out at 85°C, and the expected addition product methyl 4-phenylbutanoate was formed in 17% yield (Equation 7.12). The reaction with acrylonitrile gave 4-phenylbutanenitrile in 14% yield together with cis- and tra 5-4-phenyl-2-butenenitriles, 4-cyano-6-phenylhexanenitrile, and 2-ben-zyl-4-phenylbutanenitrile (Equation 7.13). The results suggest the presence of a benzylnickel(II) chloride complex (1), which could have been formed by the oxidative addition of benzyl chloride to the metallic nickel (Scheme 7.7). The complex (I) would then be expected to add to the electron-deficient olefins, affording the addition product (111) via intermediate complex (IV). The formation of cis- and tra s-4-phenyl-2-butenenitrile (V) is reasonably explained by the reductive elimination of nickel hydride from intermediate (IV), which is analogous to the substitution reaction of olefins with alkylpalladium compound [158] and to the addition-elimination reaction of bis(triphenylphosphine) phenylnickel(II) bromide with methyl acrylate to yield methyl cinnamate [130]. Furthermore, intermediate (IV) seems to add another molecule of acrylonitrile to give the 1 2 adduct 4-cyano-6-phenylhexanenitrile (VI). 2-Benzyl-4-phenylbutanenitrile (VIII) would be formed by the metathesis of complex IV and the benzylnickel chloride (I). 

Bis(triphenylphosphine)phenylnickel bromide undergoes a similar reaction with styrene. The reaction with methyl acrylate (probably nucleophilic) is more facile in methanol, hydrocinnamate is obtained in 81% yield (Otsuka et al., 1973). 

Dialkylindolines and 1,3-dialkylindoles are formed in poor yield (<10%) from the reaction of ethyl- or phenymagnesium bromide with 2-chloro-N-methyl-N-allylaniline in the presence of catalytic quantities of (bistriphenylphosphine)nickel dichloride.72 In a modification of this procedure, the allyl derivatives can be converted by stoichiometric amounts of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)nickel into 1,3-dialkylindoles in moderate yield72 (Scheme 43) an initial process of oxidative addition and ensuing cyclization of arylnickel intermediates is thought to occur. In contrast to the nickel system,72 it has proved possible to achieve the indole synthesis by means of catalytic quantities of palladium acetate.73 It is preferable to use... 

If nitrosyl bromide is allowed to react with hydrated rhodium trichloride and PPh3 in ethanol, the mixed chlorobromo complex is obtained (equation 301).13 3 When [RhCl(PPh3)3] is the substrate the dibromo complex is formed (equation 302). This complex can also be obtained from rhodium tribromide, JV-methyl-JV-nitrosotoluene-p-sulfonamide and PPh3. Replacement of PPh3 by other tertiary phosphines permits analogous dibromo complexes to be prepared (cf. equation 299). Another source of the triphenylphosphine complex is [Rh(NO)2Br] . The diiodo complex can be obtained from a similar reaction mixture containing Lil (equation 304).1293... 

---