Methane oxidisers

Dalton, L. (1977). Ammonia oxidation by the methane oxidising bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus strain bath. Archives of Microbiology 114, 273—279. 

Hinrichs K.-U., Summons R. E., Orphan V., Sylva S. P., and Hayes J. M. (2000) Molecular and isotopic analysis of anaerobic methane-oxidising communities in marine sediments. Org. Geochem. 31, 1685-1701. 

Bourne D. G., Holmes A. J., Iversen N., and Murrell J. C. (2000) Fluorescent oligonucleotide rDNA probes for specific detection of methane oxidising bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 31, 29-38. 

Methane-oxidising microorganisms Classification and habitat requirements... 

Horz, H.-P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Heyer, I, Kammann, C., Conrad, R., and Dunfield, P.F 2002. Activity and community structure of methane-oxidising bacteria in a wet meadow soil. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 41 247-257. 

Stralis-Pavese N., Bodrossy L., Reichenauer TG, Weilharter A., and Sessitsch A. 2006. 16S rRNA based T-RFLP analysis of methane oxidising bacteria-Assessment, critical evaluation of methodology performance and application for landfill site cover soils. Appl. Soil Ecol. 31, 251. 

Only 20—40% of the HNO is converted ia the reactor to nitroparaffins. The remaining HNO produces mainly nitrogen oxides (and mainly NO) and acts primarily as an oxidising agent. Conversions of HNO to nitroparaffins are up to about 20% when methane is nitrated. Conversions are, however, often ia the 36—40% range for nitrations of propane and / -butane. These differences ia HNO conversions are explained by the types of C—H bonds ia the paraffins. Only primary C—H bonds exist ia methane and ethane. In propane and / -butane, both primary and secondary C—H bonds exist. Secondary C—H bonds are considerably weaker than primary C—H bonds. The kinetics of reaction 6 (a desired reaction for production of nitroparaffins) are hence considerably higher for both propane and / -butane as compared to methane and ethane. Experimental results also iadicate for propane nitration that more 2-nitropropane [79-46-9] is produced than 1-nitropropane [108-03-2]. Obviously the hydroxyl radical attacks the secondary bonds preferentially even though there are more primary bonds than secondary bonds. 

In practice, procedures such as described in 3) would be carried out over different periods of time, and at varying pH and temperature. Environments most expected to contain methylotrophs are swampy areas, where methane would be produced and then be oxidised to methanol. The organism finally chosen for the process we are considering here was isolated from a waterlogged soccer pitch ... 

While the presence of methane indicates a reducing atmosphere, that of nitrogen fits better into a (weakly) oxidising environment. It is believed that the present composition of Titan s atmosphere is the result of chemical or radiation-induced reactions. 

The earliest catalytic application of C-H bond activation and functionalisation is that of methane using platinum chlorides as the catalyst and oxidising reagent. The exchange of hydrogen atoms in arenes with D20 was... 

Biological oxidation of methanol and ethanol in the body produces the corresponding aldehyde followed by the acid. At times the alcoholics, by mistake, drink ethanol, mixed with methanol also called denatured alcohol. In the body, methanol is oxidised first to methanal and then to methanoic acid, which may cause blindness and death. A methanol poisoned patient is treated by giving intravenous infusions of diluted ethanol. The enz5mie responsible for oxidation of aldehyde (HCHO) to acid is swamped allowing time for kidneys to excrete methanol. 

More recently, Rozen found that treating suspensions of sodium or potassium perfluorocarboxylates with fluorine in an inert solvent, such as trichlorofluoro-methane, afforded oxidising solutions which proved to be mixtures of hypofluorites (Fig.82) [190-192]. 

Synthesis gas production. Alqahtany et al.92 have studied synthesis gas production from methane over an iron/iron oxide electrode-catalyst. Although the study was essentially devoted to fuel cell operation, for purposes of comparison some potentiometric work was performed at 950°C. It was found that under reaction conditions Fe, FeO or Fe304 could be the stable catalyst phase. Hysteresis in the rates of methane conversion were observed with much greater rates over a pre-reduced surface than over a pre-oxidised surface possibly due to the formation of an oxide. 

When sulphur dioxide alone is passed over carbon at a red heat the latter undergoes partial oxidation, the products being carbon monoxide, carbon oxysulphide and carbon disulphide no oxysulphide is obtained at a white heat.2 Both carbon monoxide and methane are oxidised by sulphur dioxide at high temperatures with formation of sulphur. It has been suggested that volcanic sulphur may, in part, be formed by the reduction of sulphur dioxide by methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, all of which are emitted by volcanoes.4... 

Through the last sequence H02 is reformed to react with NO. The main point here is that nitrogen oxides are cycled through reactions R1 - R2, and therefore, this cycle will not limit the ozone forming potential. However, the formation of the other compound involved in the initial step in the ozone formation, H02, requires that CO be oxidised. The number of ozone molecules formed is therefore determined by the amount of CO present. H02 molecules can in a similar way be formed through the oxidation of CH4 and other hydrocarbons. The initial methane oxidation mainly through the reaction with OH ... 

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