Metals with Lithium-Alloying Capability

The phase diagram of the Au-Li binary system is shown in Fig. 6.12. Alloys of Au5Li4, AuLi, AUU3, and AU4U45 compositions are expected to form. 

Charge and discharge profiies versus x during the first two cycies ofan Au-nanofiim. 

The cycle capacity in mAh/g and in Li/Au atomic ratio composition is displayed in Figs. 6.14a and 6.14b, respectively, it shows a drop in capacity after 5 cycles from 300 mAh/g (Ax = 3] to about 30 mAh/g (Ax = 0.3) after the 9th cycle. 

The phase diagram of the In-Li binary system is presented in Fig. 6.18. Four alloys form with the following compositions ln4Li5, In2li3, InLi2,and InsLiis. 

A comparative cycle capacity of Ag, Zn, and Au nanofilm electrodes is displayed in Fig. 6.25. The initial discharge capacity decreases in the order Ag Zn Au. However, upon cycling, Ag s capacity deceased sharply followed by that of Zn. Au sustained a rather high capacity of 320 mAh/g after 16 cycles but the capacity dropped to a low of 10 mAh/g after 26 cycles. 

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Attempts to follow a published procedure for the preparation of 1,3 -dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate salts [1], involving reductive coupling of carbon disulfide with alkali metals, have led to violent explosions with potassium metal, but not with sodium [2], However, mixtures of carbon disulfide with potassium-sodium alloy, potassium, sodium, or lithium are capable of detonation by shock, though not by heating. The explosive power decreases in the order given above, and the first mixture is more shock-sensitive than mercury fulminate [3],... 

Pure metals and metal compounds (metal oxides, intermetallic compounds) which are capable of forming alloys with lithium constitute another category of electrode materials versus the insertion materials seen previously. They are used for the negative electrode in lithium-ion batteries because their redox potential versus lithium is less than 2 V. They are cited in the following four sections ... 

The capabilities of thin tin films and tin-based alloys with different metals as active materials for lithium - ion battery negative electrodes are considered. Electrochemical characteristics of such films at different substrates and mechanisms of their functioning are discussed. 

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