Metals, Ligands, and Catalytic Systems

Only a very few studies exist in the literature dedicated to the use of manganese (e.g., HMnfCOls) [65] or ruthenium catalysts (e.g., Ru3(CO)22) [66]. Most investigations were conducted with cobalt and later on with rhodium catalysts. 

First studies concerning hydroformylation in SCCO2 as solvent were published by Rathke and Klingler [67] with an unmodified Co complex and propylene 

Since most common rhodium catalysts are poorly soluble in SCCO2, adaptation of either ligand or catalyst or the reaction medium has to be taken into account [71]. For example, the use of co-solvents (aliphatic alcohols, fluorinated alcohols) was recommended [72]. 

P-Ugands with fluorine linked to the aryl rings F F 

P-Ligands with fluoroalkyl substituents attached to the aryl rings 

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