Metal hyper-reduced states

In this way, the powerful reducing properties of can be exploited to generate hyper-reduced states of metal ions, for example ... 

When it is required to have Caq as the reducing agent, it is customary to add 2-methyl-2-propanol (tert-butanol) to the solution to convert OH to the relatively unreactive radical CH2(CH3)2COH. This system can be exploited to generate hyper-reduced states of metal ions, as in Eq. (24), for example ... 

The hydrated electron reacts rapidly with simple aquated metal ions, to produce hyper-reduced oxidation states such as Ag°, Au°, Cd Co Ni Zn etc. that are not easily accessible by other methods ... 

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