Metal-free electrocatalysts oxygen reduction reaction

Jeon I-Y, Choi H-J, Jung S-M, Seo J-M, Kim M-J, Dai L, Baek J-B. Large-Scale Production of edge-selectively functionalized graphene nanoplatelets via ball milling and their use as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2013 135 1386-93. 

Wang S, Zhang L, Xia Z, Roy A, Chang D, Baek J, et al. BCN graphene as efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. Angew Chem IntEd 2012 51(17) 4209-12. 

Yang L, Jiang S, Zhao Y, Zhu L, Chen S, Wang X, Wu Q, Ma J, Ma Y, Hu Z (2011) Boron-doped carbon nanotubes as metal-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(31) 7132-7135... 

Yang S, Feng X, Wang X, Mullen K (2011) Graphene-based carbon nitride nanosheets as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(23) 5339-5343... 

Daems N, Sheng X, Vankelecom IFJ, Pescarmona PP (2014) Metal-free doped carbon materials as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. J Mater Chem A 2 4085-4110... 

D.-S. Yang, D. Bhattacharjya, S. Inamdar, J. Park and J.-S. Yu, Phosphorus-doped ordered mesoporous carbons with different channel lengths as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media, /. Am. Chem. Soc. 134,2012,16127-16130. 

Because of the irreversible and not well-understood change of the electrocatalyst surface above 1.0 V, early mechanistic studies were conducted under ill-defined conditions. Thus, while anodic evolution of Oj takes place always in the presence of oxygen-covered electrodes, the cathodic reaction proceeds on either oxygen-covered or oxygen free surfaces with different mechanisms (77,158). The electrochemical oxide path, proposed for oxide-covered platinum metals in alcaline electrolytes (759,160), has been criticized by Breiter (7), in view of the inhibition of oxygen reduction by the oxygen layers. Present evidence points to the peroxide-radical mechanism (77,... 

---