Metal cofactors, introduction

Step by step introduction of more effective ways of handling cytoplasmic chemistry, using coenzymes and special metal cofactors, e.g. haem (Fe), vitamin B12(Co), F-430(Ni), chlorophyll(Mg) and Moco(Mo). 

Figure 6 Introduction of non-native metal cofactors by covalent attachment, (a) Computer model of a phenanthroline complex bound to adipocyte lipid binding protein, (b) Computer model of a dual covalently attached Mn Salen. (Reproduced from Reference 62, p. 11644, copyright 1997 and Reference 63, p. 10812, copyright 2004 with permission from The American Chemical Society.)...

Inspired by enzymatic mechanisms, several groups have attempted to obtain amidase antibodies by recruiting a metal cofactor for catalysis. Introduction of... 

Introduction Three Classes of Ribonucleotide Reductases with Different Metal Cofactors cind Free Radicals... 

Figure 4 Introduction of non-native metal Schiff base and substituted heme cofactors by noncovalent attachment in myoglobin. (Adapted from...

We reasoned that one could mimic Nature by incorporating cofactors and metal ions to broaden the scope of accessible reactions catalyzed by protein scaffolds. Different approaches for the generation of artificial metalloenzymes have recently been reviewed [2-16]. Herein, we present the developments in the field of artificial metalloenzymes for enantioselective catalysis based on the biotin-avidin technology. The discussion includes a short introduction on the biotin-avidin technology followed by several examples of chemogenetic optimization of the performance of artificial metalloenzymes based on this technology. 

Sulfur plays a central role in enzymatic catalysis and metal sulfido enzymes can activate various small molecules in biological conditions [20]. Much work has been devoted to the isolation and understanding of the intimate mechanisms of activation of biomimetic sulfur-containing complexes [21]. However, these systems do not present significant solubility in water under the studied conditions. We can nevertheless refer to the Sellman group s work in which the authors isolated sulfur-containing representative [FeMo] complexes of the cofactor of [FeMo] nitrogenases [22, 23], and were able to produce water-soluble complexes by introduction of... 

Enzymes use nonpeptidyl catalytic auxiliaries termed cofactors to gain additional chemical functionality. These include metal ions, hemes, thiamine, flavins, and pyri-doxal. To expand the scope of antibody catalysis, the introduction of cofactors into an antibody-combining site could be a powerful tool to improve catalysis. The diversity of the immune response should allow one to use not only the natural cofactors but also a host of unnatural cofactors unavailable to enzymes. 

---