Metabotropic glutamate presynaptic

Takahashi, T., Forsythe, I. D., Tsujimoto, T., Barnes-Davies, M. and Onodera, K. Presynaptic calcium current modulation by a metabotropic glutamate receptor. Science 274 594-597,1996. 

Shigemoto, R., Kinoshita, A., Wada, E., et al. (1997) Differential presynaptic localization of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat hippocampus.. /. Neurosci. 17, 7503-7522. 

Schoepp, D. D. (2001) Unveiling the functions of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system../. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 299,12-20. 

Shigemoto, R., Kulik, A., Roberts, J. D., Ohishi, H., Nusser, Z., Kaneko, T., and Somogyi, R (1996) Target-cell-specific concentration of a metabotropic glutamate receptor in the presynaptic active zone. Nature 381,523-525. 

Macek, T. A., Schaffhauser, H., and Conn, P. J. (1998) Protein kinase C and A3 adenosine receptor activation inhibit presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) function and uncouple mGluRs from GTP-binding proteins. J. Neurosci. 18, 6138-6146. 

O Connor, V., El Far, O., Bofill-Cardona, E et al. (1999) Calmodulin dependence of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling. Science 286,1180-1184. 

Neugebauer, V., Keele, N. B., Shinnick-Gallagher, P.. Epileptogenesis in vivo enhances the sensitivity of inhibitory presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in basolateral amygdala neurons in vitro, J. Neurosci. 1997, 17, 983-995. 

The metabotropic glutamate receptors act indirectly on ion channels via G proteins. They are selectively activated by irans-1 -amino-cyclopentyl-1,3-dicarboxylate (ACPD). These G protein-coupled receptors are either positively coupled to (ie, stimulate) phospholipase C or negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Depending on the type of synapse, metabotropic glutamate receptors can initiate a slow postsynaptic excitation or a presynaptic inhibition. Although the presence of metabotropic receptors at excitatory synapses varies, most excitatory synapses contain both NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. 

Kammermeier PJ, Ikeda SR (1999) Expression of RGS2 alters the coupling of metabotropic glutamate receptor la to M-type K+ and N-type Ca2+ channels. Neuron 22 819-29 Kaneko M, Takahashi T (2004) Presynaptic mechanism underlying cAMP-dependent synaptic potentiation. J Neurosci 24 5202-8... 

The review by Cartmell and Schoepp (2000) covered almost exhaustively the field of mGluRs that are localized on nonglutamatergic terminals and regulate as presynap-tic heteroreceptors the release of various transmitters this section of my chapter will therefore be essentially restricted to recent aspects of the functional pharmacology of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate heteroreceptors. 

---