Membrane Surface and Cross-Sectional Morphology

In the previous work (Ji et al. 2010), researchers conducted the atomic force microscopy (AFM) to evaluate the root mean square (RMS) roughness values of the polyelectrolytes and PEC-modified membranes. The RMS values were found to be increasing with increasing ionic complexation degree (designated as ICD y by the researchers). is defined as the theoretical value of ionic cross-linking 

FIGURE 4.11 AFM morphological study of membrane with value (a) 0, (b) 0.05, 

In another similar work, PSS/PAH multilayers were statically deposited onto a porous alumina support (Cheng et al. 2013). Researchers claimed that an increased 

---

Microscopy can provide visual details of the membrane surface and cross-section morphology. Image analysis of micrographs can give quantitative data from these direct observations. 

---