Membrane Structure, Configuration, and Applications

Although fairly distinct in their capabilities, these processes have several features in common. The membrane materials used are generally polymeric in origin and are extensions, both in mode of preparation and in composition, of the cellulose acetate membranes pioneered by Loeb and Sourirajan. Another common feature shared by most of the processes bsted is the use of pressure as the driving force the exceptions are the different forms of dialysis. Thus, in hemodialysis, concentration replaces pressure as the driving force, while electrodialysis is driven by an electrical potential. 

HD Hemodialysis Similar to RO membranes Removal of urea, creatinine, and other substances from urine 

ED Electrodialysis Similar to RO membranes Desalination in the range 500-2000 ppm salt content 

GS Gas separation Similar to RO membranes Recovery of H2 in ammonia plants, separation of Nj ft om air, sweetening of natural gas 

UF Ultratiltration 10-1000 A Separation of proteins and other macromolecules treatment of process water and whey clarification of friiit juices 

Mass Transfer and Separation Processes Principles and Applications 

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