Melting particle theory

Stillinger F 1973 Structure in aqueous solutions from the standpoint of scaled particle theory J. Solution Chem. 2 141 Widom B 1967 Intermolecular forces and the nature of the liquid state Sc/e/ ce 375 157 Longuet-Higgins H C and Widom B 1964 A rigid sphere model for the melting of argon Mol. Phys. 8 549... 

With respect to understanding the nature of models it should be noted that the phenomenon of melting of itself is not direct evidence for the existence of particles. The model can be presented as a useful way of thinking. As noted in Chapter 1, everyday discourse often uses particle to describe small yet visible pieces of material and it is important to emphasise the special scientific meaning within the particle theory. A small drop of water (0.05 cm ) contains the order of 1.7x 10 water particles (molecules). Employing terms such as grains , pieces , bits ,... 

Lauritzen SI, Hoffman JD (1960) Theory of formation of polymer crystals with folded chains in dilute solution. J Res Natl Bur Stand 64A 73-102 Le Meins J-F, Moldenaers P, Mewis J (2003) Suspensions of monodisperse spheres in polymer melts particle size effects in extensional flow. Rheol Acta 42 184—190 Lee BJ, Meat ME (1991) Effect of inclusion shape on the stiffness of nonlinear two-phase composites. J Mech Phys Solids 39 627-649... 

Neumann and co-workers have used the term engulfrnent to describe what can happen when a foreign particle is overtaken by an advancing interface such as that between a freezing solid and its melt. This effect arises in floatation processes described in Section Xni-4A. Experiments studying engulfrnent have been useful to test semiempirical theories for interfacial tensions [25-27] and have been used to estimate the surface tension of cells [28] and the interfacial tension between ice and water [29]. 

Abstract The discussion of relaxation and diffusion of macromolecules in very concentrated solutions and melts of polymers showed that the basic equations of macromolecular dynamics reflect the linear behaviour of a macromolecule among the other macromolecules, so that one can proceed further. Considering the non-linear effects of viscoelasticity, one have to take into account the local anisotropy of mobility of every particle of the chains, introduced in the basic dynamic equations of a macromolecule in Chapter 3, and induced anisotropy of the surrounding, which will be introduced in this chapter. In the spirit of mesoscopic theory we assume that the anisotropy is connected with the averaged orientation of segments of macromolecules, so that the equation of dynamics of the macromolecule retains its form. Eventually, the non-linear relaxation equations for two sets of internal variables are formulated. The first set of variables describes the form of the macromolecular coil - the conformational variables, the second one describes the internal stresses connected mainly with the orientation of segments. 

The contribution "Application of Meso-Scale Field-based Models to Predict Stability of Particle Dispersions in Polymer Melts" by Prasanna Jog, Valeriy Ginzburg, Rakesh Srivastava, Jeffrey Weinhold, Shekhar Jain, and Walter Chapman examines and compares Self Consistent Field Theory and interfacial Statistical Associating Fluid Theory for use in predicting the thermodynamic phase behavior of dispersions in polymer melts. Such dispersions are of quite some technological importance in the... 

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