Ochsenfeld, and Meissner

As a consequence of zero-resistance, the electric field everywhere within a superconductor is zero [16], In 1933, Meissner and Ochsenfeld showed that the magnetic induction within a superconductor is also zero-valued [17], As a consequence of this phenomenon, termed the Meissner effect", all magnetic flux is expelled from the interior of a perfect superconductor, and the material acts as a perfect diamagnet (Fig. 

The Meissner effect is the repulsion of a magnetic field from the interior of a superconductor below its critical temperature. Whereas a weak magnetic field is totally excluded from the interior of a superconductor, a very strong magnetic field will penetrate the material and concurrently lower the critical transition temperature of the superconductor. W. Meissner and R. Ochsenfeld discovered the Meissner effect in 1933. 

Meissner, Walther (1882-1974) and his graduate student Robert Ochsenfeld (1901-1993), both Germans working in Berlin, discovered in 1933 that a superconducting material repels a magnetic field— behaving as a perfect diamagnet. The effect became known as the Meissner (or Meissner-Ochsenfeld) effect... 

In 1935, Fritz and Heinz London (London and London, 1935) provided a first phenomenological approach to the theory of superconductivity. Using the concept of a superelectron with twice the electron s mass and charge, the London equations described very well the properties of a superconductor that is, its infinite electric conductivity as well as the decay of the magnetic field in a thin surface layer of a superconductor (the Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect) (see Appendix E). 

In the classical model of superconductivity, the London equations (London and London 1935) are equivalent to Ohm s law j = o-E for a normal electric conductor. The first of the London equations [Eq. (E.l)] represents a conductor with R = 0, while the second [Eq. (E.2)] is equivalent to the Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect (Figure E.l), and describes the decay of a magnetic field within a thin surface layer characterized by the penetration depth,... 

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