Measuring Chemistry and Process Efficiency

Measurements of the chemistry and process efficiency are attempts to address Green Chemistry Principles 2 (atom economy) and 8 (reduce derivatives). Atom economy is one of the most widely known measures of chemistry efficiency [43-45] and is calculated from 

While the concept of atom economy is simple, unlike the E factor it does not take into account the actual yield or stoichiometry (actual masses or molar excesses) 

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