Measurements direct proportions

The second term in brackets in equation 36 is the separative work produced per unit time, called the separative capacity of the cascade. It is a function only of the rates and concentrations of the separation task being performed, and its value can be calculated quite easily from a value balance about the cascade. The separative capacity, sometimes called the separative power, is a defined mathematical quantity. Its usefulness arises from the fact that it is directly proportional to the total flow in the cascade and, therefore, directly proportional to the amount of equipment required for the cascade, the power requirement of the cascade, and the cost of the cascade. The separative capacity can be calculated using either molar flows and mol fractions or mass flows and weight fractions. The common unit for measuring separative work is the separative work unit (SWU) which is obtained when the flows are measured in kilograms of uranium and the concentrations in weight fractions. 

One of the most important parameters to measure is speed, yet it is often overlooked. The fan law in Chapter 5 states that for a centrifugal compressor, the head is proportional to speed squared. For an axial, the sensitivity to speed is as great or greater. Capacity is directly proportional to speed on all compressors, both the positive displacement and the... 

It should be noted that low-loss spectra are basically connected to optical properties of materials. This is because for small scattering angles the energy-differential cross-section dfj/dF, in other words the intensity of the EEL spectrum measured, is directly proportional to Im -l/ (E,q) [2.171]. Here e = ei + iez is the complex dielectric function, E the energy loss, and q the momentum vector. Owing to the comparison to optics (jqj = 0) the above quoted proportionality is fulfilled if the spectrum has been recorded with a reasonably small collection aperture. When Im -l/ is gathered its real part can be determined, by the Kramers-Kronig transformation, and subsequently such optical quantities as refraction index, absorption coefficient, and reflectivity. 

To be successful, a predictive maintenance program must be able to quantify the cost-benefit generated by the program. This can be achieved if the program is properly established, uses the proper predictive maintenance techniques and has measurable benefits. The amount of effort expended to initially establish the program plant is directly proportional to its success or failure. Proper implementation of a predictive maintenance program must include the items listed in Sections 50.5.1-50.5.5. 

It can be obtained from the available literature or measured experimentally. If the erosion corrosion rate (ECR) is directly proportional to the mass transfer rate ... 

Important organic applications are to the determination of quinine and the vitamins riboflavin (vitamin B2) and thiamine (vitamin Bj). Riboflavin fluoresces in aqueous solution thiamine must first be oxidised with alkaline hexacyanoferrate(III) solution to thiochrome, which gives a blue fluorescence in butanol solution. Under standard conditions, the net fluorescence of the thiochrome produced by oxidation of the vitamin Bj is directly proportional to its concentration over a given range. The fluorescence can be measured either by reference to a standard quinine solution in a null-point instrument or directly in a spectrofluorimeter.27... 

We take intensity I to mean x-ray quanta per second measured by a detector. An instantaneous detector measures / directly that is, the detector gives a reading always proportional to intensity over the linear range of the detector. The reading could appear on an ammeter after suitable amplification. 

The kinetics of many decompositions are conveniently studied from measurements of the pressure of the gas evolved in a previously evacuated and sealed constant volume system. It is usually assumed, and occasionally confirmed, that gas release is directly proportional to a, so that the method is most suitable for reactants which yield a single volatile product by the irreversible breakdown of a substance that does not sublime on heating in vacuum. A cold trap is normally maintained between the heated reactant and the gauge to condense non-volatile products (e.g. water vapour) and impurities. The method has found wide application, notably in studies of the decomposition of azides, permanganates, etc., and has been successfully developed as an undergraduate experiment [114—116]. 

Hydrogen iodide has also been used as a catalyst for hydrogen exchange581, rate coefficients (lO7 ) at 25 °C for reaction with [2H]C6H4R being (R =) 2,3-benzo(l position of naphthalene), 500 4-Me, 40 2-Me, 21 4-Ph, 42 2-Ph, 10. The reaction was catalysed by added iodine, the rate being directly proportional to the concentration of this, and for the latter compound rates were measured... 

The rate of discharge of water from a tank is measured by means of a notch for which the flowrate is directly proportional to the height of liquid above the bottom of the notch. Calculate and plot the profile of the notch if the flowrate is 0.01 m3/s when the liquid level is 150 mm above the bottom of the notch. 

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