Mean transfer efficiency, defined

The previous assumptions together with the classical relationships of the different specific absorption rates, depending on the chemical reaction regime used to determine interfacial parameters, lead to the theoretical mean reduced values of the gaseous reactant in the gas exit stream and to absorption efficiency for a gas-liquid dispersion, where a is the geometrical specific interfacial area and Rl is the mean true liquid-side mass transfer coefficient defined for a bubble of diameter dg. ... 

The concentration of monomers in the aqueous phase is usually very low. This means that there is a greater chance that the initiator-derived radicals (I ) will undergo side reactions. Processes such as radical-radical reaction involving the initiator-derived and oligomeric species, primary radical termination, and transfer to initiator can be much more significant than in bulk, solution, or suspension polymerization and initiator efficiencies in emulsion polymerization are often very low. Initiation kinetics in emulsion polymerization are defined in terms of the entry coefficient (p) - a pseudo-first order rate coefficient for particle entry. 

R. Bezman and L. R. Faulkner 189> developed methods for defining a concise set of parameters which quantitatively describe the efficiencies of chemiluminescent electron-transfer reactions (see Section VIII. A.) by means of analysis of chemiluminescence decay curves. 

All qualitative applications of mass spectrometry are based on the determination of the mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio of an analyte. ESI and APCI MS are well known to produce abundant molecular ions and are consequently known as soft ionization techniques. This means that a relatively small amount of energy is transferred to the molecule as a result of vaporization and ionization. The efficiency of ion formation depends, in part, on a molecule s abihty to carry a charge (e.g., its proton affinity). The positive-ion mode ionization process can be defined by the following simple protonation reaction ... 

The study of photoinduced electron transfer between molecular donors and acceptors provides a means to assess the electronic coupling provided by the DNA helix. Early applications of this method to DNA-mediated reactions utilized reactants noncovalently bound to DNA [28-30] These studies provided qualitative information concerning the efficiency and distance dependence of electron transfer, but the ambiguity associated with random distributions of reactants along the DNA helix precluded a quantitative analysis. Once chemical methods were developed for the covalent attachment of donors and acceptors to DNA [31], the distance dependence of these reactions, as well as the effects of perturbations within the intervening medium, could be systematically studied. The identification of unnatural DNA bases with appropriate photophysical and redox properties has also helped to define the extent of electronic coupling provided by the base stack [16]. 

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