Maxwell effect based polymers

Divisek et al. presented a similar two-phase, two-dimensional model of DMFC. Two-phase flow and capillary effects in backing layers were considered using a quantitatively different but qualitatively similar function of capillary pressure vs liquid saturation. In practice, this capillary pressure function must be experimentally obtained for realistic DMFC backing materials in a methanol solution. Note that methanol in the anode solution significantly alters the interfacial tension characteristics. In addition, Divisek et al. developed detailed, multistep reaction models for both ORR and methanol oxidation as well as used the Stefan—Maxwell formulation for gas diffusion. Murgia et al. described a one-dimensional, two-phase, multicomponent steady-state model based on phenomenological transport equations for the catalyst layer, diffusion layer, and polymer membrane for a liquid-feed DMFC. 

Based on the rigidification concept, Mahajan [25] has developed an approach in which the Maxwell model is used twice. The polymer region in the vicinity of the CMS particle is assumed to have reduced permeabihty due to the immobilization effect. This is an extension of the concept given for the semi-crystalline polymer. When crystallites are present within an amorphous phase the chain mobility of the amorphous phase appears to be reduced leading to high activation energy of diffusion. Michaels et al. introduced chain irmnobilization factor p by which the overall diffusion coefficient ) is given by... 

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