Maximizing incorporation process materials into product

Atom Economy Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product. 

One of the most important problems in process design and process control is how to incorporate dynamic controllability quantitatively into conventional steady-state design. Normally, steady-state economics considers capital and energy costs to calculate a total annual cost, a net present value, etc. If the value of products and the costs of raw materials are included, the annual profit can be calculated. The process that minimizes total annual cost or maximizes annual profit is the besf design. 

Atom Economy S5mthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product. (Optimizing the number of surface atoms and their activity comes from making nanoscale materials.)... 

There are certain metrics used in Green Chemistry. One is associated with principle two Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product. That is the metric of atom economy [14]. Atom economy is the mass of the product divided by the sum of the mass of all the reactants. Ideally this number is one and the closer to one the better. Atom economy does not take into account solvent or other reagents such as bases. Another metric is the Environmental factor or E-factor [15], The E-factor is the mass of the total waste divided by the mass of the product. Ideally the E-factor should be zero and the smaller the number, the better. However, some fine chemical or pharmaceutical syntheses have E-factors of about one hundred. Using micelles, the Lipshutz group reduced the E-factor of a Heck reaction from 137 to 7.5 and then even lower with recycle [16], Consider the following experimental procedure [17],... 

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