Material characterization methods magnetic force

In the author s opinion, the better approach to experimentally study the morphology of the silica surface is with the help of physical adsorption (see Chapter 6). Then, with the obtained, adsorption data, some well-defined parameters can be calculated, such as surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution. This line of attack (see Chapter 4) should be complemented with a study of the morphology of these materials by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning probe microscopy (SPM), or atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the characterization of their molecular and supramolecular structure by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry, thermal methods, and possibly with other methodologies. 

The driving force behind the rapid development of powder diffraction methods over the past 10 years is the increasing need for structural characterization of materials that are only available as powders. Examples are zeolite catalysts, magnets, metal hydrides, ceramics, battery and fuel cell electrodes, piezo- and ferroelectrics, and more recently pharmaceuticals and organic and molecular materials as well as biominerals. The emergence of nanoscience as an interdisciplinary research area will further increase the need for powder diffraction, pair-distribution function (PDF) analysis of powder diffraction pattern allows the refinement of structural models regardless of the crystalline quality of the sample and is therefore a very powerful structural characterization tool for nanomaterials and disordered complex materials. 

---