Marxist

The idea of entropy being the arrow of time has attracted a huge following from mystical poets through to Marxists (see http //www.marxist.com/science/arrowoftime.html). The outline of the science in the Marxist.com site is actually very good. 

Furthermore, a major shortcoming of the supply-side Marxists is their failure to consider the importance of money. In Brody (1974 9), for example Theories of money... are not discussed, although a parallel mathematical approach to them is much needed and indeed within reach (see also Roemer 1978). The problem is that money is essentially neutral in general equilibrium models, a characteristic more appropriate to a barter economy than to capitalism. And in the Grossmann falling rate of profit thesis, money is stripped from the reproduction schema despite its central importance to Capital, volume 2. 

In theoretical terms, the non-Marxist tag can be largely attributed to a lack of engagement with the labour theory of value. For Sebastiani (1994 108), Kalecki s silence on this issue could be interpreted either as a tacit acceptance or as a tacit rejection of Marx s premises . Kerr (1997 23), in her textual analysis of Marx and Kalecki, takes the first position, aiming to make explicit what Kalecki often left as understood in the more abstract presentations of his analysis . In contrast, Brus (1977 59) reported that Kalecki felt a strong distaste for the Marxian theory of value, which he considered metaphysical and (if I am not mistaken) never wanted to discuss . 

Although Marx himself specified value in terms of labour embodied, the Sraffian Marxists are charged with calculating labour values without recourse to their validation in the market place as money. It may be that Sraffians have implicitly assumed that what is produced is sold, but the lack of importance attached to monetary questions has left their approach open to the value-form critique. 

At the other extreme, there is the danger that all mention of value as labour embodied is written out of economic theory. Steedman (1981 15) has argued that Marxists, in avoiding the use of embodied labour, are in danger of draining it of all content . The problem is that without labour... 

The conclusion drawn by Foley is that new borrowing is required to meet this shortfall. There is a paradox of borrowing, the borrowing requirement contrasting with the received opinion in Marxist circles that all investment is drawn from an existing pool surplus value.1 With B(t) defined as new capital borrowing (ibid. 89), capital outlays under expanded reproduction are met by setting... 

The main proponent of the disproportionality approach was Rudolf Hilferding, who built on the ideas of the Russian Marxists, Tugan Baranovsky and Bulgakov. Key to the occurrence of disproportions is the... 

The Marxist theory of money , International Journal of Political... 

Laibman, D. (1992) Value, Technical Change and Crisis Explorations in Marxist Economic Theory, New York M.E. Sharpe. 

Mandel, E. (1962) Marxist Economic Theory, London Merlin Press. 

Turban, M.A. (1984) Roman Rosdolsky s reconsideration of the traditional Marxist debate on the schemes of reproduction on new methodological grounds , in... 

There are schools of social theory, often referred to as "structuralist, which hold that all explanation of behavior takes this form. Marxists often argue, for instance, that workers are forced by circumstances to sell their labor to capitalists just as the latter are forced by competition to exploit workers. To see the flaw in the argument, it is sufficient to note that nobody is fenced to be a capitalist there is always the option of becoming a worker. 

When H. P. Blavatsky s The Secret Doctrine was published in March 1889 Stead gave it to Annie Besant to review. He knew about her recent interest in Spiritualism and potentially occultism, although at this time she cannot have known much about the latter. Stead had met Madame Blavatsky but did not know her well. Fascinated by H.P.B. s vast compendium of occult lore, Mrs Besant asked Stead for an introduction to her. When she first visited 17 Lansdowne Road in March 1889 she was accompanied by her younger friend Herbert Burrows. During the previous decade he had been prominent in a wide spectrum of radical groups (e.g., H. M. Hyndeman s pronouncedly Marxist Democratic Federation and the Fabian Society) and had recently helped Annie Besant to form a trade union for the underpaid girls who made matches. Both joined the Theosophical Society in May 1889. 

There are several favorite notions of the site of the origin of life (Nisbet, 1987). The best known is the Marxist hypothesis of the primaeval soup — that the early ocean was a soup of organic molecules that had fallen in from meteorites (which frequently contain complex carbon-chain compounds organic chemicals, but made by prebiotic inorganic processes). In this soup, lipid blobs somehow evolved into living cells. The discovery of hydrothermal systems led to the realization that early oceans would have pervasively reacted with basalt, both in hydro-thermal systems and also with basalt ejecta after impacts. Thus, the late Hadean ocean was most unlikely to be a festering broth, but more likely a cool clean ocean not greatly dissimilar to the modem ocean exit the primaeval soup. 

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