Markers tissue destruction

In cases of increased apolipoproteins [known nowadays as markers of tissue destruction (A3)], there were correlations of orosomucoid with Apo A-I and Apo A-II. This fact supports expectations about the presence of tissue destruction in inflammatory and tumorous diseases of the CNS. 

As perspective and sensitive markers for the presence of tissue destruction in CNS from apolipoproteins, the apolipoprotein A-I and Apo B are related. These analytes are already routinely analyzed, with some laboratories using laser neph-elometry (A 16, T2). 

Cystatin C (Formerly Post-y-globulin, y-Trace Protein). Cystatin C is a new parameter in a spinal fluid and serum (plasma), originating from glial elements and belonging to so-called trace proteins. Its increasein CSF is considered to be a marker of tissue destruction. Assessment of cystatin C in serum (plasma) is a marker of renal glomerular filtration. 

Determination of acute-phase proteins (CRP, orosomucoid, haptoglobin, transferrin, prealbumin), immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM), compressive markers (albumin, fibrinogen), markers of tissue destruction (Apo A-I, A-II, Apo B), components of complement (C3, C4), proteinase inhibitors (antithrombin HI, a -antitrypsin). The measurement was performed simultaneously in CSF and in serum (plasma) by a laser nephelometric method. The functional state of the blood-CSF barrier was evaluated numerically with the help of the quotient Q = Albcsp/s and also by the intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins according to Reiber s formula and for each class—IgG, IgM, IgA. 

Although pancreatitis, severe injury, and inflammation can all increase its levels, TATI can stfll function as a relatively good tumor marker for various cancers. In most cancers, the increase in TATI is due to tumor production however, inflammation associated with tissue destruction contributes to the overall TATI increase. Serum and urine concentrations correlate well, but because of greater variation in urine, serum is preferred. 

It is often observed that the concentration of some other protein markers in cerebrospinal fluid is increased. In this respect, it is worth mentioning the increase in some acute-phase proteins, including transferrin, haptoglobin, and orosmucoid. Very frequently an increased concentration of the C3 component is observed in cerebrospinal fluid. Increased concentrations of apolipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid are frequently seen as well, especially Apo A-I and, less distinctly, Apo B. Although these findings are common, they are also rather nonspecific, suggesting only that the destruction of tissue is present—in this case, the destruction of the central and peripheral myelin. 

Since activated microglia are implicated in exacerbating brain diseases, the biochemical markers and pathways that are stimulated by microglia in injury have been extensively studied. Several recent evidences clearly demonstrate that microglial phenotype after injury could be either destructive or protective (Butovsky et al., 2001 Nelson et al., 2002 Butovsky et al., 2005). In response to various stimuli, microglial cells will produce different sets of dominant compounds that differentially affect the fate of neural tissue. The partial list of common compounds can be found in Table 9.3. 

These glycoproteins lack mannose-6-phosphate residues, and consequently they are secreted into extracellular fluids instead of being sequestered into lysosomal vesicles. The mannose-6-phosphate serves as a marker that allows the enzymes to bind with mannose-6-phosphate receptors that direct the enzymes into the vesicles to be packaged into lysosomes. The lysosomal enzymes in the extracellular fluid bring about indiscriminate destruction of tissues. 

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