Malic conjugates

Malic conjugates Spinach, lettuce, grapes, wines... 

Similarly, alkylation of ent-l from ( + )-(/ )-malic acid with homogeranyl iodide under analogous conditions furnished 3 in 35% yield. Above — 45 °C elimination of hydrogen iodide from homogeranyl iodide to give the conjugated diene occurred more rapidly than alkylation of the dianion of en -l41. 

Several simple phenylpropanoids (C6-C3) are produced from cinnamate via a series of hydroxylation, methylation, and dehydration reactions these include p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids and simple coumarins. The free acids rarely accumulate to any great extent within plant cells but are usually conjugated to sugars, cell wall carbohydrates, or organic acids (quinic, malic, tartaric, etc.). Lignin and suberin are complex polymers formed from a mixture of simple phenylpropanoids, and will not be considered in the present review. 

Ercole E, Malic N, Davis TP, Evans RA (2009) Optimizing the photochromic performance of naphthopyrans in a rigid host matrix using poly(dimethylsiloxane) conjugation. J Mater Chem 19 5612-5623... 

Biochemical processes are catalyzed by enzymes that have multiple stereogenic centers and are therefore chiral. Enzymes provide a chiral environment in which to form stereogenic centers. As a consequence, only one enantiomer forms firom an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, even if the reactant is achiral. For example, fumaric acid reacts with water in an addition reaction catalyzed by the enzyme fumarase in the citric acid cycle to give only (i)-malic acid. We show the carboxyhc acids as their conjugate bases because they are ionized at pH 7. These ionic compounds are called fumarate and malate. This reaction converts fumarate to (i)-malate. 

Moine, L., Cammas, S., Amiel, C., Guerin, R, and SebUle, B. Polymers of malic acid conjugated with the 1-adamantyl moiety as lipophilic pendant group. Polymer 1997,38 3121-3127. 

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