Main Activities Were Discussions

Samfundel s first statutes stressed that its main objectives were to mediate debates and that it did not want to formulate an official opinion in chemical matters, but the discussion was the answer to the question . A debate could end with the laconic statement that the question had been illuminated from different standpoints . In 1894 during a discussion on safety in gun-powder production the chairman considered it correct not to make any decision or deliver any opinion in this question . From 1889 Samfundet allowed itself to formulate opinions in scientific matters, but with the restriction that at the meeting at least 30 members should agree on the statement, and these 30 should not be less than three-quarters of the members present. Thirty years later it was added that before a statement could be made in the name of Samfundet, it must have been discussed by the board.  

---

Skeletal ring contraction steps of primary C7 and Cg rings are more probable than bicyclic intermediates (132b). Aromatization of methylcyclo-pentane indicated no carbonium mechanism with a nonacidic catalyst. Instead, Pines and Chen (132b) proposed a mechanism similar to that defined later as bond shift. This is a methyl shift. Two additional isomerization pathways characteristic of chromia have also been demonstrated vinyl shift (94) and isomerization via C3 and C4 cyclic intermediates (90a). These were discussed in Section III. 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane and 4,4-dimethyl-cyclohexene gave mainly toluene over various chromia catalysts. Thus, both skeletal isomerization and demethylation activities of chromia have been verified. The presence of an acidic almnina support enhances isomerization dual function effects are thus also possible. 

Some aspects of thermally activated diffusion were discussed in section 5.9.1 in regard to intracrystalline exchange geothermometry. Concerning more precisely isotope diffusion, there are two main aspects that may be relevant in geochemistry ... 

Counterion specificity has been observed to be markedly more pronounced for cationic surfactants than for anionic ones. This can certainly be mainly referred to a weaker hydration of typical counter-anions. From the variation of CMC with counterion and from ion activity measurements it can be inferred that the binding to -N(CH3)3 and -NH3 headgroups follows the sequence P>NOj >Br > CP. (As an example a recent study223-1 of decylammonium salts shows the CMC to decrease from 0.064 M for the chloride to 0.038 M for the iodide). The counterion specific effects on micellar shape for -N(CH3)3 surfactants were discussed above. For cationic (as well as some anionic) amphiphiles, a marked counterion specificity is also indicated in the phase diagrams8 but systematic studies of the counterion dependence have not yet been reported. 

For the photocatalytic behaviour, for the sake of clarity, let us discuss first the behaviour of the insulator (pure and mixtures) compounds, for which the reaction proceeds only by the photolytic mechanism. The key point is that the basic compounds definitely exhibit a higher activity than the acidic ones (particular results such as the inactivity of CaO, the high activity of MgO-SiO 1 100 and the variation of the activity with the composition were discussed elsewhere) (7,10-12,18). For the present chapter only the main trends will be outlined. 

---