Magnetism. See

Amorphous NiP alloys with > 10% P (generally obtained by deposition from acidic electrolytes) are non-magnetic (see [66] and references therein), as required of the underlayer for thin-film media. Although the structure of these alloys is generally assumed to be a solid solution of P in Ni, a recent report [67] has suggested that NiP with 7.4-10% P deposited from acid sulfate electrolytes is better represented by a microcrystalline structure composed of 4-5 nm fee NiP solid-solution grains. 

It is a high-vacuum gage made up of two cathodes and one anode placed in a magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet (see Fig. 1.33). Electrons due to natural radioactivity or to field emission start a discharge in the gas. The presence of the magnetic field produces paths about 100 times longer than the distance between the electrodes. Positive ions are collected by the cathodes. 

Nuclear magnetic thermometry is fundamental for the microkelvin range, but at higher temperatures the signal can be rather weak and may be overcome by contributions from electronic magnetic impurities. For the methods of detection of nuclear magnetization, see e.g. ref. [2],... 

The molecular wire approach is also of emerging interest in chemical sensing,3 superconductivity,4 magnetism (see Chapter 5, Section 3.3)5 and solar energy conversion.6... 

Cinnamaldehyde complexes with iron, 12 246 Circular dichroism flavocytochrome b, 36 271 magnetic, see Magnetic circular dichroism Rieske and Rieske-type proteins, 47 113, 115-116... 

Properties of Manganese. Break up the manganese bead with a pestle in a steel mortar or with a hammer. Give attention to the brittleness of the metal, note its colour in a fresh fracture, test it with a magnet, see how it reacts with water, an alkali solution, and also with dilute and concentrated solutions of hydrochloric, sulphuric, and nitric acids (in the cold and with heating). Write the equations of the reactions. 

More easily to be understood are the effects observed when ir electrons are present in the adsorbed molecule. Figure 28 shows the change of the photoelectric emission of a platinum surface covered with benzene (76). The benzene was contained in a capsule, which could be smashed magnetically (see F in Fig. 2). The tube, G in Fig. 2, was cooled by liquid air. At the points of the curve marked with arrows, the cooling of G was interrupted for 1 or 2 min., so that a small quantity of benzene molecules might be adsorbed at the platinum surface. The sensitivity increased (Fig. 28) at first and then decreased after passing a maximum, which was reached in the vicinity of the monomolecular covering (B, C in Fig. 28). 

For reference books on magnetism see C. Kittel, Solid StcUe Physics, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1956 P. W. Selwood, Magrutochemistry, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1956. 

One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to levitate a magnet (see photo, page 915). When a superconductor is cooled below its Tc and a magnet is lowered toward it, the superconductor and the magnet repel each other, and the magnet hovers above the superconductor as though suspended in midair. 

These isolated paramagnetic units are incorporated into a 3-D lattice and, due to more favorable angles, long-distance superexchange interactions Mpara-F-Mdia-F-Mpara may be of the same magnitude as Mpara-F-Mpara interactions. Therefore, these systems are not always suitable models of low-dimensional magnetism (see, for example, 3-D properties of Mn chains in MnAlF5 in Sect. 3.3.2.2). 

For a good introduction to magnetism, see Drago, R. S., Physical Methods for Chemists, 2nd. ed. Chap. 11. Saunders, Orlando, 1992. 

For a very nice review on 3D cyanide-based magnets see Miller, J. S. MRS Bull, 2000,11, 60. Howell, B. A. Presented in part at the 15th International Conference on Advances in Additives and Modifiers for Polymers and Blends, Las Vegas, NV, February, 2006. 

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