Magnetic flux quantization

With e as a given elementary electric charge, there is also a condition on the quantization of magnetic flux. This could be reinterpreted as a subsidiary condition in an effort to quantize the electron charge and deduce its absolute value by means of the present theory [ 13,18,20], but the details of such an analysis are not yet available. Magnetic flux quantization is discussed in further detail in Appendix B. 

Using the spin condition (42) in combination with expressions (B.41), (B.44), and (B.54), the condition for magnetic flux quantization is reduced to... 

Doll, R. and Nahbauer, M. (1961) Experimental proof of magnetic flux quantization in a superconducting ring. Phys. Rev. Lett., 7 (2), 51-52. 

Figure 10.7. Edge dislocations in a smectic liquid crystal. The value of the path integral of n - ds along a closed loop is always an integer which corresponds to the number of inserted layers. According to de Gennes (14), this is the liquid crystal analog of the magnetic flux quantization in superconductors.

The present model of charged particle states is connected with two fundamental questions in EM held theory. The first of these concerns the electric charge quantization, partly through its relation with the magnetic flux in non-Abelian... 

X. Quantization of Magnetic Flux Enclosed by a Superconducting Path... 

X. QUANTIZATION OF MAGNETIC FLUX ENCLOSED BY A SUPERCONDUCTING PATH... 

According to Abrikosov (1957), magnetic flux penetrates type-II superconductors as a periodic arrangement of quantized magnetic flux lines or vortices, i.e. a vor-... 

Since the SI unit for B is tesla (T), the units for magnetic flux are tesla meter squared. Magnetic flux is quantized, and a quantum of magnetic flux o- is a universal constant with the value... 

The Quantum Hall effect manifests itself in a two-dimensional electron gas in certain semiconductor structures. When such a structure is placed in a magnetic flux density normal to the plane of the electron gas, and a current I flows along its length, there is a quantized voltage Uh across the semiconductor in the direction perpendicular to the current given by... 

DoU and Nahbauer (1961) proved experimentally the quantization of magnetic flux in a superconducting lead ring. 

The number of electronic states that each Landau level can accommodate is determined by the quantization of magnetic flux. This is intuitively understood as a consequence of the fact that there exist spatial limitations in the placement of the circular orbits. 

We shall distinguish two fundamental attributes of superconductivity - the state of superconductivity and the effect of superconductivity - that lead to two complementary descriptions of superconductors. On one side the state of superconductivity is characterized by the state of a conducting material, which, after the Jahn-Teller condensation, becomes an insulator with several equivalent ground states. The state of superconductivity determines all statical properties of superconductors energy gap, its temperature dependence, specific heat, density of states near the Fermi surface etc. On the other side the effect of superconductivity determines all dynamical properties of superconductors supercurrent, Meissner effect, quantization of magnetic flux, etc. We shall devote in this section just to the problem of effect of superconductivity. 

Some years later a more thorough discussion of the motion of pairs of electrons in a metal was given by Cooper,7 as well as by Abrikosov8 and Gor kov,9 who emphasized that the effective charge in superconductivity is 2e, rather than e. The quantization of flux in units hc/2e in superconducting metals has been verified by direct experimental measurement of the magnetic moments induced in thin films.10 Cooper s discussion of the motion of electron pairs in interaction with phonons led to the development of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory, which has introduced great clarification in the field of superconductivity.2... 

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