Lorentz electron theory

This finding may be related to similar remarks of Ritz [30] regarding Lorentz electron theory [45]. Ritz concluded that the solutions to the wave equations were more fundamental than Maxwell s equations. In his words [30, p. 172] on voit qu en derniere analyse c est laformule des actions elementaires, et non le systeme de equations aux derivees partielles, qui est Vexpression exacte et complete de la theorie de Lorentz (emphasis in original). 

The discovery of the Zeeman effect at the close of the nineteenth century proved to be the first essential step in the study of extraterrestrial magnetism. The classical derivation is based on Lorentz electron theory. An electron spirals about a magnetic-field fine due to the Lorentz force. 

Let us turn now to the other conclusions which can be based on free electron theory. The Hall effect measurements of Kyser and Thompson permitted the computation of the free electron concentration. The Hall effect is produced by a balance between the magnetic force (Lorentz force) on a current carrier and the electric force produced by a displaced charge density within a conductor. For a charge, q, moving... 

H. A. Lorentz, The Theory of Electrons, Tuebner, Leipzig, Germany, 1916, reprinted by Dover Publications, New York, 1951, p. 305. 

Our knowledge of the structure of matter and of its electric, magnetic, and optical properties is based on the theory of the electron, " quantum theories, quantum and dassical electrodynanucs, statistical mechanics, " and the theory of molecular interactions. " The fundamentals of electron theory were first stated in the classical work of Lorentz and then developed in a modem approach by Rosenfeld. The quantum-mechanical theory of the electromagnetic properties of matter is presented semi-dassically in the work of Born and Jordan, and to Heitler is due the complete quantum theory of interaction between matter and the electromagnetic field. The above-named methods have permitted the determination of the atomic and molecular structure of matter, in... 

In the electron theory of metals no accurate allowance has hitherto been made for the effects of the conduction electrons on each other. Drude and Lorentz even went the length of assuming that to a first approximation the mutual action of the electrons and ions may be neglected, and accordingly spoke of a gas of free electrons. 

The atomic theory of electricity simplifies the field (Mjuations, by considering only fields in a vacuum the units can thivn Ih ( >]iosen so that the field equations contain no material consta,nts (or at most, tlie velocity of light c = 3-10 cm./sec., which is retained so tliat we may be able to use the ordinary units of kinematics, centimetres a,nd seconds). This is the standpoint of Lorentz s electron theory (1897), which dominated physics abont the turn of the century. At that time we were... 

Lorentz s theory of the electron considers fields in vacuo only, and therefore puts e = /x = 1 the current is assumed to be a convection current, i = pv, the charge being rigidly bound to the electron. To connect the theory with mechanics, it is further necessary to assume that the field exerts the mechanical force... 

Stark effect The splitting of lines in the spectra of atoms due to the presence of a strong electric field. It is named after the German physicist Johannes Stark (1874-1957), who discovered it in 1913. Like the normal Zeeman effect, the Stark effect can be understood in terms of the classical electron theory of Lorentz. The Stark effect for hydrogen atoms was also described by the Bohr theory of the atom. In terms of quantum mechanics, the Stark effect is described by regarding the electric field as a perturbation on the quantum states and energy levels of an atom in the absence of an electric field. This application of perturbation theory was its first use in quantum mechanics. 

An almost forgotten issue is the proposed relativistic nature of an electron as elucidated by Lorentz. The electron was seen as a flexible spherical unit of charge which distorts as it contracts in the direction of any motion. To account for the relativistic contraction of macroscopic bodies Lorentz further assumed that the electrical forces which bind atoms together were essentially states of stress and strain in the aether. Countless prominent scientists have expressed similar views without trying to develop a coherent theory of matter. The Lorentz electron model antedates de Broglie s postulate of matter waves and the development... 

Lomonosov Michail Vasilyevich 1 1-1765) Rus. math., founder of Moscow university, introduced comprehensive structure of non-Euclidean geometry Lortvik Knut (1935-) Norweg. phys, inventor of thermal sonimetry Lorentz Hendrik Antoon (1853-1928), Dutch phys., authority in quantum physics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, radiation, behavior of light, electron theory of matter, hydrodynamics (mostly cited for Lorentz transformation)... 

With regard to these we may simply quote a remark of Lorentz (Theory of Electrons, Leipzig, 1909, p. 287) The only equation by which the observed phenomena are satisfactorily accounted for is that of Planck, and it seems necessary to imagine that, for short waves, the connecting link between matter and ether is... 

I returned to the University of Toronto in the summer of 1940, having completed a Master s degree at Princeton, to enroll in a Ph.D. program under Leopold Infeld for which I wrote a thesis entitled A Study in Relativistic Quantum Mechanics Based on Sir A.S. Eddington s Relativity Theory of Protons and Electrons. This book summarized his thought about the constants of Nature to which he had been led by his shock that Dirac s equation demonstrated that a theory which was invariant under Lorentz transformation need not be expressed in terms of tensors. 

Appendix A The Lorentz Condition Appendix B Electron Model of Present Theory B.l. General Equations of the Equilibrium State The Charged-Particle State... 

From Eq, (1) it is clear that a model of crystal polarization that is adequate for the description of the piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of the P-phase of PVDF must include an accurate description of both the dipole moment of the repeat unit and the unit cell volume as functions of temperature and applied mechanical stress or strain. The dipole moment of the repeat unit includes contributions from the intrinsic polarity of chemical bonds (primarily carbon-fluorine) owing to differences in electron affinity, induced dipole moments owing to atomic and electronic polarizability, and attenuation owing to the thermal oscillations of the dipole. Previous modeling efforts have emphasized the importance of one more of these effects electronic polarizability based on continuum dielectric theory" or Lorentz field sums of dipole lattices" static, atomic level modeling of the intrinsic bond polarity" atomic level modeling of bond polarity and electronic and atomic polarizability in the absence of thermal motion. " The unit cell volume is responsive to the effects of temperature and stress and therefore requires a model based on an expression of the free energy of the crystal. 

The conference was opened with a speech by Lorentz on the theory of electrons he had developed about 20 years before, followed by papers by Joffe on the electrical conductivity of crystals, Kamerlingh Onnes on superconductivity, and Hall on the metallic conduction and the transversal effects of the magnetic field. This last speech was followed by a discussion in which Langevin and Bridgman injected a few interesting remarks. 

H. A. Lorentz, ZittungsverlagenAkad. van Wettenschappen 1, 74 (Nov. 26, 1892) Versuch einer Theorie der elektrischen undoptischen Erscheinungen in bewegten Korpern, Brill, Leiden, 1895 Proc. Acad. Sci. (Amsterdam) (Engl, version) 6, 809 (1904) (The third reference and a translated excerpt form the second are available in The Principle of Relativity, Ref. 1. idem., The Theory of Electrons, Leipzig, 1909). 

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